FROST & Threshold Custody ma ZEC a Wɔabɔ ho ban
Sɛ wopɛ FROST protocol no ho nsɛm a ɛfa cryptographic ho nyinaa a, hwɛ FROST mfiridwuma ho kratafa.
FROST threshold custody kɔ so ba wɔ Zcash nkɔmmɔbɔ mu — na ɛyɛ top track wɔ ZecHub Hackathon 2026 — nanso ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na wɔkyerɛkyerɛ adwene no mu wɔ kasa a emu da hɔ mu. Kratafa yi ka nea ɛkyerɛ, bere a wuhia ankasa, aguadi a wɔde di gua, ne nnwinnade a ɛboa no nnɛ ho asɛm.
TL;DR
- FROST ma kuw bi a wɔwɔ safoa bom di Zcash address a wɔabɔ ho ban so a obiara nni hɔ a okura kokoam safoa no nyinaa.
- t-of-n threshold kyerɛ sɛ: ɛsɛ sɛ t nkurɔfo bom de wɔn nsa hyɛ ase na wɔabɔ ka; t-1 biara anaa nea ennu saa no nkutoo ntumi mfa sika no nkɔ baabiara.
- Nkitahodi te sɛ asɛm foforo biara a wɔabɔ ho ban — on-chain footprint biara nni hɔ a ɛda no adi sɛ wɔde threshold signing dii dwuma.
- Eyi yɛ soronko koraa wɔ multisig a ɛda adi pefee (a ɛyɛ ɔmanfo on-chain na Zcash aboa bere tenten) — FROST yɛ adwuma wɔ shielded pool no mu.
- Ɛyɛ mfasoɔ ma DAOs, exchanges, custody services, joint savings, ne team treasuries — baabiara a asɛm baako a ɛyɛ huammɔdi titire no nnye ntom.
Dɛn ne FROST wɔ kasa a emu da hɔ mu?
Fa no sɛ adwumayɛfo baasa a wɔn mu biara kura safe bi. Sɛ wobetumi asɛe sika afi wɔn sika kotoku a wɔkyɛ mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ baasa no mu baanu biara pene so na wɔbom de wɔn nsa hyɛ ase. Aguadi a efi mu ba no te sɛ nea ɛne ankorankoro a wɔde mena daa no yɛ pɛ — ɔhwɛfo biara ntumi nhu mfi blockchain no mu sɛ nnipa pii na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu.
FROST (Flexible Round-Optimized Schnorr Threshold Signatures) is the cryptographic protocol that makes this possible for shielded Zcash. It was created by Chelsea Komlo (University of Waterloo / Zcash Foundation) and Ian Goldberg.
Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛwɔ mu:
- Threshold: t-of-n signers nko ara na ɛhia sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu (e.g. 2-of-3, 3-of-5)
- Shielded: ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ Orchard kokoamsɛm pool no mu — sika dodow, nea ɔde kɔmaa, ne nea ogye no tra kokoam
- Indistinguishable: nsaano nkyerɛwee a etwa to no te sɛ Zcash shielded asɛm foforo biara
- Non-custodial: ɔfã biako biara nni hɔ a okura safoa a edi mũ no da — ɛnyɛ ɔhwɛfo no mpo
Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ wode threshold custody di dwuma?
Threshold custody yɛ nteaseɛ berɛ a sɛ wobɛhwere safoa baako anaa onipa baako a, ɛnsɛ sɛ ɛkyerɛ sɛ wobɛhwere sika no.
| Tebea a Ɛwɔ | Nea enti a threshold custody boa |
|---|
| DAO anaa kuw sikakorabea | Admin biako biara nni hɔ a obetumi asɛe sika wɔ ɔfã biako; hwehwɛ sɛ wɔpene so |
| Nsesa anaa ɔhwɛfoɔ | Ɔkyekyɛ asiane titiriw mu wɔ ahobammɔ mmeae anaa adwumayɛfo |
| Ankorankoro awɔw mu nneɛma a wɔde sie (a abusua a wogye wɔn di ka ho) | 2-of-3 ntam wo + abusua mufoɔ mmienu — wuwu anaasɛ hwere kwan a wobɛfa so, sika nnyera |
| Escrow na ɛyɛ adwuma | Adetɔfo, adetɔnfo, ne ɔtemmufo biara kura kyɛfa; sika gyae bere a nnipa baanu pene so |
| Mmoa a ɛsom bo kɛse a wɔde ma | ZCG-style: hwehwɛ sɛ nnipa pii a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ ase ansa na wɔatua |
| Developer safoa sohwɛ | Siw insider threat ano — engineer biako biara nni hɔ a obetumi asɛe protocol fund |
Ebia nhia threshold custody ma ankorankoro sika kotoku a wo nkutoo wohwɛ so, sika nketenkete, anaa tebea horow a coordination overhead a wɔde aka ho no boro asiane a wɔatew so no so.
Ɔkwan bɛn so na ɛsono no wɔ multisig a ɛda adi pefee ho?
Zcash fi bere tenten aboa transparent multisig — safoa pii a ɛho hia sɛ wɔsɛe sika fi t-address so. Nanso multisig a ɛda adi pefee no wɔ kokoamsɛm ho ka kɛse: multisig nhyehyɛe no, ɔmanfo safe nyinaa, ne wɔn a wɔde wɔn nsa hyɛ ase nyinaa da adi wɔ blockchain no so.
FROST di eyi ho dwuma denam adwuma a ɛyɛ wɔ ɔtare a wɔabɔ ho ban no mu no so:
| Multisign a ɛda adi pefee | FROST aboboano (a wɔabɔ ho ban) |
|---|
| Tadeɛ | Nneɛma a ɛda adi pefee (ɔmanfo) | Orchard (a wɔabɔ ho ban) |
| Signers a wotumi hu wɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn so | Yiw — ɔmanfo nsafe nyinaa ada adi | Dabi — wontumi nkyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda obiako a ɔde ne nsa hyɛ ase sɛe |
| Sika dodow a wotumi hu | Yiw | Dabi |
| Nkitahodi a wɔhwehwɛ | On-nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn nkyerɛwee | Off-chain round a ɛfa nkitahodi ho |
| Kokoam nsɛm | Obiara nni hɔ | Full shielded kokoam nsɛm |
Nneɛma a wɔde di gua ne anohyeto ahorow
FROST wɔ tumi, nanso ɛde aguadi ankasa a ɛsɛ sɛ wote ase ansa na wode adi dwuma ba:
Nkitahodi a ɛwɔ soro
Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔde wɔn nsa hyɛ ase no wɔ intanɛt so bere koro mu (anaasɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛte saa) na wɔatumi awie wɔn a wɔde wɔn nsa hyɛ ase no. Sɛ wo t signers no atrɛw wɔ bere nhyehyɛe anaa nkitahodi a wontumi mfa ho nto so a, sika a wɔsɛe no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ biako a solo wallet nnyɛ.
Sɛ quorum nni hɔ a, wɔmfa wɔn nsa nhyɛ ase
Sɛ keyholders a ɛdɔɔso nni hɔ (yarefo, wotu kwan, wontumi nyɛ hwee) a, sika no yɛ nea wontumi nsɛe no bere tiaa bi. Paw wo threshold na kyɛfa count yiye — 2-of-3 yɛ resilient sen 2-of-2.
Awo ntoatoaso titiriw guasodeyɛ
FROST a wɔde besi hɔ no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ distributed key generation (DKG) guasodeyɛ a wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu n nyinaa bom wɔ intanɛt so. Eyi yɛ adeyɛ a ɛkɔ so pɛnkoro, nanso ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ no yiye — sɛ wɔde wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no to asiane mu wɔ DKG bere mu a, ahobammɔ sɛe.
Nnwinnade da so ara renyin
FROST ma shielded Zcash yɛ foforo koraa. IETF gyinapɛn (draft-irtf-cfrg-frost) no anyin, nanso sika kotoku a wɔde bom no sua. Hwɛ kwan sɛ anoano bi a ɛyɛ den bɛba bere a wɔde toto sika kotoku a wɔde safe biako na ɛyɛ daa ho no.
Nneɛma a ɛyɛ den a ɛma obi ho tɔ no
Shard a wobɛhwere no nyɛ wiase awiei (ɛno ne asɛm a ɛwɔ aboboano no mu), nanso ɛsɛ sɛ wodi kan kyerɛw nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde bɛsan agye no ho asɛm. Hena na okura backups? Sɛ asinasin abien yera bere koro mu a, dɛn na ɛba?
Hena na ɔde FROST resi wɔ Zcash so?
Zcash Foundation — frost.zfnd.org
Zcash Foundation no de FROST dwumadie a ɛyɛ adwuma ne demo site akɔma. Eyi ne reference implementation a wɔde di dwuma de sɔ hwɛ ne nkɔso.
Ywallet FROST Nkyerɛkyerɛmu
Ywallet nyaa FROST demo nkabom a edi kan, nantew faa mu wɔ Ywallet FROST Demo akwankyerɛ. Wɔnhwɛ Ywallet so bio na wɔrennyɛ no foforo mma Ironwood, enti kenkan akwankyerɛ no sɛ akyigyina sen sɛ wobɛkenkan biribi a wobɛtu mmirika nnɛ. Zkool, a ofi developer koro no ara mu, ne nea wɔhwɛ so no na ɔkyerɛw FROST multisig ka ne nneɛma ho.
ZecHub Hackathon 2026 — FROST Akwankyerɛ Nnwuma
FROST track no na ɛyɛɛ akansi kɛseɛ wɔ ZecHub Hackathon 2026. Nnwuma a ɛda nsow:
- ZecVault — 2-of-3 a wɔabɔ ho ban escrow a wɔde asi mainnet so (FROST threshold) .
- Steward — threshold custody ma shielded Zcash a ɛwɔ UX a ɛtwe adwene si sanba so
Coinbase
Coinbase kyekyee production FROST dwumadie maa wɔn threshold signing systems (ma Bitcoin), a nsakraeɛ a ɛyi preprocessing stage no na ɛkyekyɛ aggregator dwumadie no mu wɔ wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu nyinaa mu. Wɔn suahu no si FROST ahobammɔ nhyehyɛe no so dua wɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ no nsenia so.
Sɛnea signing session yɛ adwuma (wɔayɛ no mmerɛw) .
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Setup (pɛnkoro): N a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no nyinaa yɛ distributed key generation (DKG) guasodeyɛ. Obiara nya kokoam shard; wonya ɔmanfo safoa a wɔkyɛ. Party biara nnim kokoam safe a edi mũ.
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Coordinate signers: Sɛ ɛho hia sɛ wɔsɛe sika a, coordinator (a obetumi ayɛ wɔn a wɔde wɔn nsa ahyɛ ase no mu biako) boaboa bɔhyɛ ahorow ano fi t participants a wɔwɔ ɔpɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn nsa bɛhyɛ ase no hɔ.
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Round 1: Obiara a ɔde ne ho hyɛ mu a ɔde ne nsa hyɛ aseɛ no ma nonce na ɔbɔ bɔhyɛ bi (ɔmanfoɔ, ɛnyɛ nea ɛyɛ nkateɛ).
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Round 2: Obiara a ɔde ne nsa hyɛ ase no de wɔn kokoam shard no bu wɔn nsaano nkyerɛwee fã bi ho akontaa na ɔbɔ amanneɛ.
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Aggregation: Ntamgyinafoɔ no ka t nsaano nkyerɛwee no fã bi bom yɛ no Schnorr nsaano nkyerɛwee baako a ɛtwa toɔ — a wontumi nyi nsonsonoeɛ mu wɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn so firi nsaano nkyerɛwee a ɛyɛ ɔfa baako ho.
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Broadcast: Wɔde asɛm no kɔ Zcash network no so sɛnea ɛte daa.
Sɛ obiara a ɔde ne nsa hyɛ aseɛ no de nsaano nkyerɛwee fã bi a enye kɔ a, protocol no kyerɛ wɔn na ɛgyae (wɔayi wɔn afiri daakye nhyiamu mu). Nkitahodi si off-chain — blockchain no nkutoo hu asɛm a etwa to.
Wo threshold parameters a wobɛpaw
| Nsiesiei | Nneɛma a wɔde gyina ano | Asiane a Ɛwɔ Hɔ |
|---|
| 1-of-1 | No resilience — ade biako a ɛyɛ huammɔdi | Key loss = adehwere a ɛtra hɔ daa |
| 2-of-2 | Ɛsɛ sɛ wonya abien no nyinaa signers — mfomso biara nni ho abotare | One unavailable = sika a wɔahyɛ no nwini |
| 2-of-3 | Shard biako betumi ayera anaasɛ entumi nyɛ adwuma | Ahobammɔ a ɛba fam sen 3-of-5 |
| 3-of-5 | Wobetumi ayera asinasin abien; ahobammɔ a emu yɛ den | Nkitahodi pii a ɛwɔ soro |
| 3-wɔ-7 | Asoɛe-grade; gyina huammɔdi abien ano | Nkitahodi ho ka a ɛkorɔn |
Mfiase a mfaso wɔ so ma akuw dodow no ara: 2-of-3 (ɛtumi gyina ano, ɛnyɛ den koraa) anaa 3-of-5 (ahyehyɛde, ahobammɔ a ɛkorɔn).
Nkratafa a Ɛfa Ho
- FROST — Mfiridwuma mu Deep Dive — cryptographic nsɛm a ɛfa protocol no ho (DKG, nsaano nkyerɛwee rounds, ahobammɔ adanse)
- Ywallet FROST Demo Akwankyerɛ — akyi, Ywallet no nhwɛ so bio
- Nneɛma a Wɔde Hwɛ Nneɛma — akenkan nkutoo kwan a wɔfa so kɔ address ahorow a wɔabɔ ho ban so (ɛboa threshold custody) .
- Zcash Shielded Agyapadeɛ — FROST nso yɛ nnwuma titiriw a wɔde bɛma ZSA
Akadeɛ
