Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe [turnstile]
Eŋu kpuie
- Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe nye duto ƒe nukpɔkpɔ se si ƒoa nuƒoƒo tso asixɔxɔe si ge dzɔmetsonu ge ɖe ɣaɣla gaƒuƒoƒo [shielded pool] sia me eye wodo goe le eme
- Ewɔe be amesia ameate ŋu akpɔe be gaƒuƒoƒo aɖeke meaɖe ga geɖe wu esi woɖo ɖe eme o, togbɔ be gaɖoɖowo siwo le eme la nye ɣaɣla
- Esia doa ZEC ƒe xexlẽme kpɔ tso vodada si woɣe ɖe ameŋku me, elabena klosalo siwo menye vavã o mate ŋu ado go tso gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me ne womegblẽ xexlẽme la o
- Fexexewo siwo le gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me nɔa ɣaɣla. Gaɖoɖo si tsɔa ZEC dea tso gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me yi bɔbɔe me fia ga si wòtsɔ dea
- Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe tae wòwɔe be tso Orchard yi Ironwood ƒe asiɖeɖe te ŋu aɖo kpe ɖe edzi be ɣaɣla ƒe xexlẽme le nyuie
Ame kae wòwɔe na
- Ame sia ame si di be yease ale si Zcash dea eƒe ɣaɣla xexlẽme ɖe dzideƒo me
- Zãlawo siwo le Orchard yi Ironwood ƒe asiɖeɖe yome eye womedi be woanya ale si wòɖo kpe ɖe edzi be xexlẽme la le vavã
- Ame yeyewo siwo di be woase ale si ga ƒe ƒoƒo si nye ɣaɣla hã te ŋu anɔ kpɔkpɔ te
Kuxi la
ɣaɣla Zcash ɣea ga ƒe asixɔxɔ, amesiwo ɖoa ga, kple amesiwo xɔa ga. Ɣaɣla siae nye ta. Ke evia biabia sesẽ aɖe: ne ame aɖeke mate ŋu akpɔ nu si le ɣaɣla gaƒuƒoƒo me o la, alekee ame aɖe anya be ZEC ƒe xexlẽme blibo le nyuie? Alekee wòakpɔ ga si wòmate ŋu akpɔ o?
Ne vodada aɖe na mɔ be ame aɖe wɔ klosalo siwo menye vavã o le ɣaɣla gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me kpɔ la, ɣaɣla ma ke si dea dzideƒotɔwo kpɔ la aɣe klosalo wɔwɔ ma ɖe ameŋku me. Ne nukpɔkpɔ aɖeke mele o la, makaka sia ana amewo ƒe dzideƒo le xexlẽme blibo la ŋu adze le vɔvɔ̃ me. Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe nye nukpɔkpɔ si wɔe be kuxi sia ƒe nuɖoɖo ava.
Nu si gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe nye
Bu ɣaɣla gaƒuƒoƒo ɖe sia ɖe be wònye xɔ aɖe si mɔ̃ ƒe xexlẽme ɖeka koe le. Ɣesiaɣi si asixɔxɔ aɖe tso afima va ge ɖe gaƒuƒoƒo me, alo tso eme yi afi bubu, etoa mɔ̃ la dzi eye woexlẽe le duto ƒe ŋkume. Gaɖoɖowo siwo le xɔ la me nɔa ɣaɣla, ke boŋ xexlẽme si le mɔ̃ la ŋu la dze ɖe ame sia ame ŋku.
Se la bɔbɔe: gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe mate ŋu aɖe asixɔxɔ geɖe wu esi ge ɖe eme o. Ɣaɣla dzesi ŋɔŋlɔwo [nodes] gbegbe gaɖoɖowo ƒuƒoƒe aɖeke si ana gaƒuƒoƒo ƒe asixɔxɔ nadze ɖe zero te. Wokpɔa asixɔxɔ si wowɔ dzitsinya le gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me ɣesiaɣi, elabena enye asixɔxɔ blibo si ge ɖe eme tso asixɔxɔ blibo si do go la ŋu. Duto ƒe xexlẽme siae nye gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe.
Ale si wòwɔ dɔe
Zcash xɔ ɣaɣla gaƒuƒoƒowo geɖe le eƒe ŋutinya me, abe Sprout, Sapling, kple Orchard ene. Asixɔxɔ dea tso nuwo ƒe ʋuʋuɖi ɖoɖonu [transparent chain] me yi gaƒuƒoƒowo me, eye ɣeaɣi aɖe hã dea tso gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me yi bɔbɔe. Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe kpɔa nyawo siawo:
- Ne ZEC de ge ɖe ɣaɣla gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me la, wokpea ga ma ɖe gaƒuƒoƒo ma ƒe duto ƒe asixɔxɔ ŋu
- Ne ZEC do go tso gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me la, wotsɔea le asixɔxɔ la me
- Ɖoɖonu la gbegbea gaɖoɖowo ƒuƒoƒe aɖeke si ana gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe ƒe asixɔxɔ nadze ɖe zero te, si fia be nu do go geɖe wu esi ge ɖe eme kpɔ o
- Gaɖoɖo ɖe sia ɖe fia eƒe asixɔxɔ ƒe mɔ́dodo kple mɔ́xexlẽme ko le gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me alo tso eme, si nye eƒe asixɔxɔ ƒe balance. Na fexexe le gaƒuƒoƒo ɖeka me la, esiae nye adzɔ ko
Ɖoɖonu la kplɔa asixɔxɔ ƒe balance ɖe sia ɖe le mɔ sia nu na asixɔxɔ gaƒuƒoƒo ɖe sia ɖe, siwo ŋu Sprout, Sapling, Orchard, Ironwood gaƒuƒoƒo yeye la, kple nuwo ƒe ʋuʋuɖi kple lockbox ƒe balancewo hã le. Eya ta, togbɔ be wogbe gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe ƒe emetɔ ŋkume hã la, nu si ate ŋu ado go ɣeaɣi sia ɣeaɣi la ƒe dzadzra le nu si ge ɖe eme ŋu. Asixɔxɔ ƒe tsikpɔkpɔ si woɣe ɖe ameŋku me mate ŋu ado go yi ame ƒe asi o.
Ale si wokpɔa asixɔxɔ ƒe balance
Xexlẽme si le mɔ̃ la ŋu la ate ŋu anɔ dzideƒo me elabena wode se ɖe gaɖoɖo ɖe sia ɖe ŋu be wòaɖo kpe ɖe edzi be etsɔ asixɔxɔ vavãe wɔ dɔ, togbɔ be asixɔxɔ ŋutɔ nɔa ɣaɣla hã. Ɣaɣla gaɖoɖo ɖe sia ɖe ɖea nume vavã ɖeka: asixɔxɔ ƒe mɔ́dodo kple mɔ́xexlẽme si etsɔ dea ɖe gaƒuƒoƒo me alo etsɔa doa go, si woyɔna be eƒe asixɔxɔ ƒe balance. Asixɔxɔ ƒe balance si nye nyuie fia be gadzudzɔwo do go tso gaƒuƒoƒo me yi nuwo ƒe ʋuʋuɖi ƒe akpa, ke esi nye vɔvɔ̃ fia be gadzudzɔwo ge ɖe eme. Nuɣaɣlawo nɔa mam, ke mɔ́dodo ƒe nume ɖeka sia nye duto ƒe nu, eye esiae gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe tsɔa ƒoa nu.
Nu nyuitɔ lae nye ale si gaɖoɖo aɖe ɖoa kpe ɖe edzi be nume duto ma nye vavã, si me wòɖe asixɔxɔ ɣaɣla siwo le megbe o. Mɔ̃ la toa vovo le gaƒuƒoƒo ɖe sia ɖe me, eye esiae nye gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe ƒe dɔ wɔnuwɔnu vavã.
Le Sprout gaƒuƒoƒo gãtɔ me la, gaɖoɖo ɖe sia ɖe zãa JoinSplit. JoinSplit na didienu [note] ɣaɣla eve do go eye wòwɔa yeye eve, eye mɔ́dodo ƒe field eve le eŋu: vpub_old, si nye asixɔxɔ si ge ɖe ɣaɣla gaƒuƒoƒo me tso nuwo ƒe ʋuʋuɖi ƒe akpa, kple vpub_new, si nye asixɔxɔ si doa go tso gaƒuƒoƒo la me yi nuwo ƒe ʋuʋuɖi ƒe akpa me. JoinSplit ɖe sia ɖe nam nɔnɔ te le eɖokui me, eye eƒe zero-knowledge ɖaseɖigbalɛ [proof] doa kpe ɖe edzi be emetɔ ɣaɣla kple emetɔɖeɖe ɣaɣla ƒe xexlẽme sɔ nyuie. Sprout ƒe gaƒuƒoƒo ƒe balance nye vpub_old katã ƒe xexlẽme si wowɔna ɣesiaɣi le vpub_new katã ŋu le ɖoɖonu la katã dzi. Esiae ta Sprout nye kpɔɖeŋu nyui na megbe: elabena vpub_old koe nye mɔ̃ ɖeka si nu ate ŋu ato ge ɖe gaƒuƒoƒo la me, se ɖeka si tsɔe wòɖo ɖe aga megbe ate ŋu atsɔ atso gaƒuƒoƒo la nu na tegbee.
Le Sapling, Orchard, kple Ironwood me la, wowɔa balance ƒe ɖase mɔ̃ nunyuitɔ wu, eye wozãa asidede agbalẽ te [signature] si blɔa nuwo ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu. Tsɔtsɔe ɖe sia ɖe manɔa balance le eɖokui me o, ke boŋ gaɖoɖo blibo la dea adzɔgbeɖeɖe [commitment] ɖe asixɔxɔ ɣaɣla ɖe sia ɖe ŋu, eye wozãa asixɔxɔ ƒe adzɔgbeɖeɖe. Asixɔxɔ ƒe adzɔgbeɖeɖe nye avɔ si wowɔna na xexlẽme aɖe eye wogbenae, si wowɔa kple Pedersen adzɔgbeɖeɖe homomorphic; esia ƒe nɔnɔ tɔxɛ aɖe nye be woate ŋu akpea avɔwo ƒe xexlẽme kple atsoa wo ƒe xexlẽme le woƒe aʋaʋã me. Ɖoɖonu la kpɔa emetɔ ƒe adzɔgbeɖeɖewo katã ƒe xexlẽme, etsɔa emetɔɖeɖe ƒe adzɔgbeɖeɖewo katã le eme, eye wosɔe kple gaɖoɖo la ƒe mɔ́dodo ƒe nume ɖeka si wògblɔ, eƒe valueBalance field. Gaɖoɖo si eƒe asixɔxɔ ɣaɣlawo sɔ kple valueBalance si nye duto ƒe nu koe ate ŋu awɔ asidede agbalẽ te si blɔa nuwo ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu le adzɔgbeɖeɖewo katã ŋu. Ne ame aɖe dze agbagba be yeatsɔ asixɔxɔ geɖe wu esi wògblɔ la, adzɔgbeɖeɖewo masɔ o, asidede agbalẽ te si blɔa nuwo ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu manɔ nyuie o, eye woagbegbe gaɖoɖo la. Ironwood zãa Orchard protocol ma ke, eya ta ewɔ dɔ nenema kee.
Esiae hã wɔe be woate ŋu akpɔ gaƒuƒoƒo vovowo dome ƒe tsɔtsɔe nyuie. Ne gadzudzɔwo dea tso ɣaɣla gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me yi bubu, abe tso Orchard yi Ironwood ene la, gaɖoɖo la mate ŋu aɣe asixɔxɔwo ɖe xexlẽme la ŋku o. Gaƒuƒoƒo ɖe sia ɖe xɔ eya ŋutɔ ƒe asixɔxɔ ƒe balance si eya ŋutɔ ƒe ɖasewo nam ana: Orchard ƒe akpa nam afia mɔ́xexlẽme si sɔe to eƒe asidede agbalẽ te si blɔa nuwo ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu dzi, eye Ironwood ƒe akpa nam afia mɔ́dodo si sɔe to eya ŋutɔ ƒe ɖasewo dzi. Asixɔxɔ si doa go tso gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me kple esi ge ɖe bubu me la woɖoa kpe ɖe wo ŋu vovovo, eyata gaƒuƒoƒo vovowo dome ƒe tsɔtsɔe nye gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe ƒe mɔ́toto eve le gaɖoɖo ɖeka me, ɖeka do go eye ɖeka ge ɖe eme, eye woƒoa nu tso wo katã ŋu le duto ƒe ŋkume togbɔ be asixɔxɔ siwo le te la nɔa ɣaɣla hã.
Eyata gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe menye dzideƒo o. Gaɖoɖo ɖe sia ɖe tsɔ mathematics ɖoa kpe ɖe eƒe mɔ́dodo ƒe nɔnɔ ŋu, ɖoɖonu la ƒoa mɔ́dodo si woɖo kpe ɖe wo ŋu mawo ƒe xexlẽme le gaƒuƒoƒo ɖe sia ɖe nu, eye gbegbɔgblɔ ɖi [consensus] ƒe se (ZIP 209) gbegbea gaɖoɖowo ƒuƒoƒe aɖeke si ana gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe ƒe balance nadze ɖe zero te. Ɖase le gaɖoɖo ƒe level, se ƒe dɔwɔwɔ le ɖoɖonu ƒe level.
Nu si ta esia le vevie
Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe na Zcash nu etɔ ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me.
Gbãtɔ, ekpa afɔku la ɖe akpa vovovowo me. Cryptographic vodada aɖe le gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me anɔ gaƒuƒoƒo ma me, elabena gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe ƒoa mɔ na asixɔxɔ si woƒe ɖase menyo o be woatso yi xexlẽme blibo la me.
Evelia, ena mɔ be habɔbɔ la nakpɔ xexlẽme la me le megbe. Ne wokpɔ vodada aɖe le megbe la, gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ fia ne asixɔxɔ geɖe do go tso gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me wu esi ge ɖe eme kpɔ. Nuŋɔŋlɔ si me vodada mele o nye ɖase sesẽ be womezã klosalo wɔwɔ kpɔ o.
Etɔlia, ewɔe be fexexewo siwo le gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me nanɔ ɣaɣla le esiawo katã ƒe wɔwɔ me. Gaɖoɖo ɖe sia ɖe ɖea eƒe mɔ́dodo kple mɔ́xexlẽme le gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me alo tso eme ko, si nye adzɔ ko na fexexe si le gaƒuƒoƒo ɖeka me. Tsɔtsɔe le gaƒuƒoƒowo dome, abe tso Orchard yi Ironwood ene, fia asixɔxɔ si toa. Kpɔkpɔ me kpɔkpɔ kple ɣaɣla ate ŋu anɔ anyi ɖekae, si menye nu si dzɔna zi geɖe o eye enye Zcash ƒe ŋusẽ ɖoɖeŋu aɖe.
Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe wɔ dɔ
Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe menye nu yeye o, eye wozãe le ɣeyiɣi veviwo me le Zcash ƒe ŋutinya me.
Ne Zcash tso Sprout gaƒuƒoƒo gãtɔ la me yi Sapling gaƒuƒoƒo yeye la ŋu la, gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe kplɔ asi ɖe trɔtrɔ la ŋu. Wode se ɖe Sprout gaƒuƒoƒo la ŋu le megbe be magaxɔ mɔ́dodo yeye o, si de dziku na zãlawo be woawɔ asiɖeɖe, le esi gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe nɔ xexlẽme la kpɔa nyuie. Ƒe geɖe megbe la, nyateƒe be asixɔxɔ aɖeke medo go le mɔ̃ si menyo o me tso Sprout me la nye ɖase be womezã eƒe cryptography gãtɔ la ƒe vodada kpɔ o.
Nu wɔnɔame ke la kpɔa tso Orchard yi Ironwood ƒe tsɔtsɔe la hã. Le 2026 me la, wokpɔ soundness vodada aɖe le Orchard ƒe ɖase wɔwɔ ƒe ƒoƒo me eye wotrɔe. Ɖase aɖeke mele be wozãe kpɔ o, ke elabena ɣaɣla ƒe nudzɔdzɔwo nye ɣaɣla la, menye be wòanɔ kakaka mele gbɔ o. Ɖoɖo lae nye be woatu Orchard gaƒuƒoƒo xoxo la ƒe mɔ̃ eye wòana ame sia ame nawɔ eƒe gadzudzɔwo ƒe asiɖeɖe to gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe la dzi yi Ironwood me, si nye gaƒuƒoƒo yeye si zãa protocol si woɖo nyuie. Gadzudzɔwo ƒe mɔ̃toto wɔm be wòato gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe la dzi fia be klosalo siwo menye vavã o siwo mate ŋu anɔ megbe le eŋu la mate ŋu ayome o, eye ne asiɖeɖe la wu enu la, ame sia ame ate ŋu akpɔe be ɣaɣla ƒe xexlẽme le nyuie.
Gaƒuƒoƒo ƒe dzidzeme le akpa ɖeka me
Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe wɔe be woate ŋu aɖe gaƒuƒoƒo xoxo aɖe le dɔ me nyuie, le akpa ɖeka ko me, si me womeva gblẽ xexlẽme ƒe dzideƒo kpɔ o. Nu si woawɔe nye be woatu mɔ̃tɔ eye woaɖe mɔ̃siƒo la ɖi.
Sprout nye kpɔɖeŋu si kɔ la wu. Be woaɖe eƒe dɔ me la, ZIP 211 kpe se ɖeka ko ɖe gbegbɔgblɔ ɖi la ŋu: tso eƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe kɔkɔe me la, JoinSplit ɖe sia ɖe ƒe vpub_old field nam anɔ zero. Elabena vpub_old koe nye mɔ̃ ɖeka si asixɔxɔ ate ŋu ato ge ɖe Sprout me, eƒe wɔwɔ zero fia be asixɔxɔ yeye aɖeke mate ŋu age ɖe eme azɔ o, le esi asixɔxɔ ate ŋu atrɔ ado go yi nuwo ƒe ʋuʋuɖi ƒe akpa alo ayi ɖe Sapling me hã. Gaƒuƒoƒo la trɔ zu esi ƒe mɔ̃ le akpa ɖeka. Ate ŋu atsɔe ko, ke mate ŋu aƒo nu o. Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe la gale xexlẽme wɔm le ɣeyiɣi blibo la me, eyata balance la ate ŋu adze ne gadzudzɔwo do go, ke mate ŋu adze ɖe dzi o, eye mate ŋu adze ɖe zero te o.
Tso Orchard yi Ironwood ƒe asiɖeɖe hã zãa susu ma ke. Le NU6.3 mɔ̃ ƒe sewo trɔtrɔ [network upgrade] me la, wokpɔe be Orchard gaƒuƒoƒo la magaxɔ mɔ́dodo yeye o, eye wode mɔ fia gakotokuwo be woaɖo Orchard ƒe gadzudzɔwo to gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe la dzi yi Ironwood gaƒuƒoƒo yeye la me. Orchard trɔ zu gaƒuƒoƒo si ƒe mɔ̃ le akpa ɖeka, si ate ŋu azu ƒu ko. Elabena mɔ́xexlẽme ɖe sia ɖe nye gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe ƒe mɔ̃toto si nam woaɖo kpe ɖe edzi, klosalo siwo menye vavã o siwo mate ŋu anɔ megbe le Orchard me la mate ŋu ayome dɔme le gadzudzɔwo siwo nye vavã o. Wole gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me si tsɔna nu ko eye wokpɔe le mɔ̃ la nu. Le ɣeyiɣi me la, esia ana gaƒuƒoƒo xoxo la nava ɖe ƒuƒu te, eye ana ame sia ame nakpɔe be asixɔxɔ si do go la menye geɖe wu esi ge ɖe eme le mɔ̃ vavã me o.
Esiae nye ta sesẽ si ta gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe le vevie wu xexlẽme bɔbɔe. Enye mɔ̃ si naa Zcash mɔ be wòaɖe ɣaɣla gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe le dɔ me, ne enyɔ be woaɖe nu ƒe sesẽ le eme abe Sprout ene, alo be woakpɔ vodada si wokpɔ abe Orchard ene la nu, le esi wokplɔa duto ƒe, si woate ŋu aɖo kpe ɖe edzi ƒe dzideƒo si metsi o tso xexlẽme la ŋu.
Nusɛsrɔ̃ siwo wodzea le eme zi geɖe
- Gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe la meɖea amesi dɔ nu na ame ka o. Ekpɔa gaɖoɖo ɖe sia ɖe ƒe asixɔxɔ si tsɔa ZEC dea le gaƒuƒoƒowo dome
- Mele klosalo wɔla aɖe ƒe ŋkɔ kpɔm o. Edoa dzadzra na asixɔxɔ si ate ŋu ado go tso gaƒuƒoƒo aɖe me, si nye nu si dea xexlẽme la kpɔ
- Menye nu yeye na Ironwood o. Ekplɔ asi ɖe ɣaɣla gaƒuƒoƒo ƒe trɔtrɔ gã ɖe sia ɖe ŋu le Zcash ƒe ŋutinya me
- Gaƒuƒoƒo ƒe xexlẽme si nye duto ƒe nu mele ɣaɣla gbɔ ɖe fexexewo siwo le gaƒuƒoƒo la me ŋu o. ZEC ƒe tsɔtsɔe le gaƒuƒoƒowo dome fia asixɔxɔ si wotsɔ, si ta ZIP 318 bia be gakotokuwo nawɔ asiɖeɖe le asixɔxɔ siwo sɔ le ɣeyiɣi me
Nuɖoɖowo
- ZIP 209: Prohibit Out-of-Range Chain Value Pool Balances - gbegbɔgblɔ ɖi ƒe se si le gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe la megbe
- ZIP 211: Disabling Addition of New Value to the Sprout Chain Value Pool - ale si wotu Sprout gaƒuƒoƒo la ƒe mɔ̃ na gadzudzɔwo yeye
- ZIP 258: NU6.3 - mɔ̃ ƒe sewo trɔtrɔ si tsɔa Ironwood gaƒuƒoƒo la vɛ eye wòfia mɔ na asixɔxɔ be woato gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe la dzi
- Turnstile Enforcement Against Counterfeiting - gɔmedzedze ƒe nyagblɔɖi tso Electric Coin Company gbɔ
- Zcash Protocol Specification - kpɔ balance kple asidede agbalẽ te si blɔa nuwo ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu ƒe akpawoe na nume blibo
- Value Pools, the Zebra Book - ale si ɣaɣla dzesi ŋɔŋlɔ aɖe kplɔa gaƒuƒoƒo ɖe sia ɖe ƒe asixɔxɔ ƒe balance
Axawo siwo sɔ kple esia
