Zero to Zero Knowledge: Hash Dwumadi ahorow

Series Nnianim Nsɛm Yɛma wo akwaaba ba nsɛm foforo a ɛtoatoa so mu: Zero to Zero Knowledge!

Wɔ saa nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so yi mu no yɛbɛsua mfitiaseɛ a ɛfa mfiridwuma ahodoɔ pii a ɛkɔ yɛn kokoam nsɛm a yɛkora so nhyehyɛeɛ mu.

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Ɔfa 1: Hash Dwumadie

Ɛnnɛ yɛde Hash Functions - cryptography afã titiriw bi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ blockchains mu na efi ase. Akyiri yi wɔ saa nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so yi mu no yɛbɛka nsɛmti bi a ɛde ne ho to wɔn agyapade so ho asɛm.

Dɛn ne Hash Dwumadi?

Hash Functions fa input a ne tenten biara na ɛma output a ne tenten yɛ fixed.

• Nkrasɛm a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde hash = Input
• Algorithm a wɔde di dwuma = Hash Function
• Nneɛma a ɛfiri mu ba = Hash Value

W’ankasa sɔ hwɛ!

Momma yɛmfa saa adwinnade yi nnya nsaano ntease! Hyehyɛ nkyerɛwee biara a wopɛ na ama woanya nea ɛyɛ tenten a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ. Hwɛ sɛnea output no gu ahorow gyina hashing algorithm soronko no so.

Sɔ hwɛ: https://cryptii.com/pipes/hash-function

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Nneɛma a ɛwɔ Cryptographic Hash Dwumadi ahorow mu

Ɛsɛ sɛ Cryptographic Hash Functions nya saa 3 su yi:

1. Ɔkwan baako - Ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nea entumi nyɛ yiye sɛ wobɛdan hash dwumadie bi
2. Collision Resistant - Ɛnsɛ sɛ input ahorow abien yɛ hash kɔ output koro no ara so
3. Deterministic - Wɔ input biara ho no, ɛsɛ sɛ hash function ma nea efi mu ba koro no ara bere nyinaa

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Hash Dwumadi Ahorow a Wɔtaa Yɛ

Hash Functions ahorow pii wɔ hɔ. Nhwɛso ahorow bi:

• Hashing Algorithm a Ɛyɛ Ahobammɔ (SHA-3)
• Nkrasɛm Digest Algorithm 5 (MD5)
• BLAKE2b - Wɔde di dwuma wɔ Zcash safoa derivation mu

Nnianim asɛm bi a ɛfa BLAKE2 ho: https://www.blake2.net

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Hash Dwumadie a Wɔde Di Dwuma Wɔ Wiase Ankasa

1. Integrity Hashing (Data mudi mudi Nhwehwɛmu)

Data mudi mudi nhwehwɛmu yɛ "Integrity Hashing" ho nhwɛso. Wɔde yɛ checksums wɔ data fael ahorow so na ɛma awerɛhyem sɛ ɛteɛ ma obi a ɔde di dwuma.

2. Merkle Nnua (Hash Nnua)

hash dua anaa Merkle dua yɛ nkorabata ne nhaban node a wɔde data block bi cryptographic hash ahyɛ so.

Merkle nnua yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛfa cryptographic commitment scheme ho. Wohu dua Ntini no sɛ ahofama ne ahaban ntini a wɔada no adi sɛ ɛyɛ mfitiase ahofama no fã.

Wɔhwɛ sɛ data a wɔde asie anaa wɔde kɔ P2P ntam nkitahodi so no yɛ nokware, na wɔhwɛ hu sɛ data a wonya fi atipɛnfo hɔ no nsakra.

3. Hyɛ Ahofama Dua a ɛwɔ Zcash mu no nsow

Wɔ Zcash Sapling & Orchard shielded pools mu no, wɔde Note Commitment Tree no di dwuma de hwɛ sɛ nnwuma no yɛ nokware tia adwene a wɔahyia bere a wɔde nea ɔde kɔmaa, nea ogye & sika dodow a wɔde di dwuma no sie pɛpɛɛpɛ.

4. Signature Hash (Bitcoin-kwan so blocks)

SHA256 yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛfa "Signature hash" a wɔde di dwuma de hyɛ inmutability a ɛwɔ block biara mu wɔ Bitcoin chain no mu. Miners de hash a ɛwɔ block a atwam no di dwuma + Hash a ɛfa nnwuma nyinaa a ɛwɔ mprempren block no mu (hashMerkleRoot) + Timestamp + random value / network difficulty ma blocks foforo.

5. Equihash (Zcash a Wɔde Tu Fam)

Equihash yɛ hashing algorithm a wɔde di dwuma wɔ Zcash. Ɛsan nso de di dwuma wɔ networks te sɛ Komodo & Horizen.

Equihash: Asymmetric Adanse-a-Adwuma a Egyina Generalized Birthday Problem so (Biryukov ne Khovratovich): https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/946

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Akenkan a Ɛkɔ Akyiri

Sɛ yɛbɛnya nteaseɛ kɛseɛ wɔ hash dwumadie ahodoɔ ne dwumadie a ɛbata ho no ho a, yei yɛ adeɛ a ɛkyɛn so: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function

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Asɛm a ZecHub (@ZecHub) Mfitiase X asaawa: https://x.com/ZecHub/status/1621240109663227906

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Wɔboaboaa krataafa yi ano fii mfitiase Zero to Zero Knowledge thread no mu maa ZecHub wiki.