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Woɖe article sia tso Proof Street, si nye nyadzɔdzɔ si le eɖokui ŋutɔ me, eye wòtsɔ ɣaɣla ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu me dɔwɔwɔ ku ɖe ZK, FHE, MPC, TEEs, kple ametsitsi ƒe dzesi si womekpɔna o ŋu. Wodo eɖe go gbã le "Ɣaɣla ƒe tsitsitsi sɔkɔ: Nu si ɣaɣla ƒe ɣɔɣlɔnu ene wɔ ƒe ŋugbe le" le August 12, 2026. Wòkplɔe va le ŋlɔla la ƒe mɔɖeɖe nu abe Zcash Community Grant #339 ƒe akpa ene. Stephen Webber ƒe nuŋlɔe.
Le July ƒe mamlɛa me, Zama dze ɣaɣla ɖɔli ɖɔli ƒe teƒe dzi le Ethereum mainnet, le private beta me hafi woaɖe eƒe public launch le September me. Esia na asitsalawo ŋutɔwo ŋu wɔ be woana intent si woɣlaŋlɔ, si ɣla ga ƒe home, slippage ƒe mɔɖeɖe, kple ɖɔli ɖɔli la ƒe afɔku.
Etsɔ dɔwɔwɔ ƒe ɖoɖo sue aɖe wɔ esia. Asitsala la de ɣaɣla gaɖoɖo eve, ɖeka tsɔ asset siwo ŋutɔ wòle, eye bubu la le afɔku si to vovo me kple ga 0, ale be ame si kpɔ nu la akpɔ ɣaɣla ƒe ga si ƒe home womekpɔna le afɔku eve me, eye mate ŋu aka nu si nye nuƒle alo nuƒleɖe o. Market maker siwo woɖo ɖe agbalẽ me la ɖe intent la ƒe ɣaɣlaŋlɔŋlɔ ɖe, wokpɔ home la, gake womakpɔ afɔku la o, eye wona quote le afɔku eve siaa. Sealed-bid auction aɖe wɔnɔ ɖoɖonu dzi, eye maker si xɔ dzi la koe nya afɔku si ɖɔli ɖɔli la to. Nu si do tso eme le ƒuƒoƒo me nye ɖɔli ɖɔli si wowɔ le home me le ɖoɖonu si ame katã kpɔa, afi si ame aɖeke si mele asitsalawo dome o mate ŋu aƒo nɔnɔme blibo la katã nu o.
Zama yɔ product la be ɣaɣla si tso gɔmedzedze yi nuwuwu, gake nu kae ɣaɣla sia gɔmeɖeɖe nye ŋutɔ? Ɣaɣla le afi sia hia be ɣaɣla nanɔ dɔwɔwɔ ƒe ɖoɖo blibo la katã me, ale be ame katã akpɔ nu ɖeka, bidders si womexɔ o nakpɔ nu geɖe, elabena woɖe asitsala la ƒe home ƒe ɣaɣlaŋlɔŋlɔ ɖe be woate ŋu ana quote na e, eye bidder si xɔ dzi nakpɔ nu geɖe wu. Ne woagblɔe kpuie la, ɖoɖo la ƒe akpa siaa le nenema elabena ame aɖe wɔ tsɔtsɔme tso ame si hia be wanya nu ka kple ɣe ka me ŋu. Enyo be míatsɔ ɣaɣla aƒo nu le "ameaɖeke mekpena nu aɖeke o" me, gake nu aɖeke manɔ dɔwɔm le agbe me o. Ele be woaɖo ɣaɣla ɖe ɖoɖo me, eye wòate ɖoɖo aɖe yome.
Nu si wɔnɔ nyuie lae nye be ƒoƒo ƒe ƒuƒo 10 hafi launch ma, Zcash de ɣaɣla ƒe settlement layer gbã le gaɖoɖowo ƒuƒoƒo ƒe ɖoɖonu si ame katã kpɔa dzi, eye wòzã zero-knowledge ɖaseɖigbalɛwo be wòaɣla ame si dɔ ga, ame si xɔe, kple gaɖoɖo ƒe home, le esime wòfia ame katã be gaɖoɖo la le eteƒe. Ƒe 10 si va yi la me, "ɣaɣla" trɔ zu nyagblɔɖila na technology ƒome ene le ɣeyiɣi ma me: ɣaɣla gaɖoɖowo, fully homomorphic encryption, multi-party computation, kple trusted execution environments. Product siwo tsoa ƒome ene siawo katã me le dɔwɔm fifia le production me, eye wo dometɔ aɖewo le ɖoɖonu ma ke dzi. Eya ta, nu kae le tin la me?
Ƒome ene siawo hena ɖoɖo vovovo, eye ɣeaɖewo woƒe ŋu wɔ ɖeka hã, na kuxi vovovo ene. Esi ɖoɖo siaa le vaa abe product ene fifia ta la, dɔ vevi ŋutɔ lae nye be nànya kuxi kae ŋutɔ wòle asiwò.
Ɣaɣla ƒe claim siaa, ne nèɖe eƒe awuwo katã ɖa la, ele be wòɖo ŋu ŋutɔ na biabia ene. Data kae woɣla? Tso ame ka gbɔ? Le data la ƒe agbe ƒe akpa kae me? Eye nu kae wòle be woaxɔ dzi be ŋugbe la nanɔ anyi?
Abe kpɔɖeŋu ene la, kpɔ ɖɔli ɖɔli ƒe teƒe la. Ele be wòaɣla home, afɔku, kple slippage. Nu ka ta menye asset pair o? Zama gblɔ be version si ava megbe aɣla esia hã. Tso ame ka gbɔ: tso ame katã kple front-running bots gbɔ bliboe, tso market makers siwo le quote nam gbɔ le akpa aɖe me, eye tso maker si xɔ dzi la gbɔ le akpa sue aɖe ko me. Le akpa kae me: to quote nana kple auction me, kple nufiafia si woɖo ɖe eŋu le settlement me. Eye ame si nèle be nàxɔ dzi la: ŋugbe la ƒe nɔnɔ le FHE ŋutɔ dzi, le smart contractwo dzi, kple threshold key-management system aɖe dzi si ƒe operators mele be woanɔ ƒome ɖeka me wu threshold aɖe o. Abe ale si litepaper la gblɔe ene la, ame ɖeka ko ate ŋu akpɔ decryption keys o.
Esia nye ɖoɖo aɖe be woawɔ dɔ kple home le strategy ƒe ɖeɖe go manɔe o. Market makers kpɔ home elabena womate ŋu atsɔ ga ade quote ƒe home me ne womakpɔe o. Ame si xɔ dzi la nya afɔku elabena, eh, settlement hiae.
Nu si kpɔɖeŋu la fiae nye be claim si se ɖi abe ɣaɣla le nu aɖe me alo mele eme o ene la, va ɖe exclusionwo ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe ɖoɖo me. Mɔ vovovo geɖe le mɔ si me woate ŋu ava claim siwo se ɖi ɖeka ene gbɔ.
Ɣaɣla Zcash gaɖoɖo aɖe ɣla ame si dɔe, ame si xɔe, kple ga ƒe home. Nu si nɔa fiaa le gome lae nye ɖaseɖigbalɛ: zero-knowledge argument aɖe si ame sia ame si wɔ ɣaɣla dzesi ŋɔŋlɔ aɖe ate ŋu akpɔ be le eteƒe, si fia be gaɖoɖo si woɣla la de sewo yome. Ɣaɣla ga le didienuwo me abe nu si woɣlaŋlɔ ene, eye didienu siaa nye ŋutinyanya ƒe record si me ga ƒe home kple eƒe tɔ nye, si va ɖoɖonu dzi abe cryptographic adzɔgbeɖeɖe ene ko. Ne wozã didienu aɖe la, woɖe gaɣaɣla ɖeɖe dzesi aɖe fia, si nye value aɖe si de mɔxexe na be woazã didienu ma ke akpɔ ɣeyiɣi eve, gake womefia didienu kae wozã la o. Esia fia be network la ate ŋu agbe double-spend dzi ne manya ga siwo ƒe tsɔtsɔme le o, ale be zãzã medze mɔ aɖeke si tsɔ gaɖoɖo ɖeka bla kple bubu o. Ɖaseɖigbalɛ la ƒe dɔe nye be wòafi be ame si zãe la nye didienu la tɔ, be gaɖoɖo la ƒe values le balance, eye be womeda ZEC aɖeke dzi alo wometsrɔ̃ aɖeke o, le esime wòmefia quantity aɖeke si le eme o.
Ɖoɖo sia ƒe nɔnɔ si wɔe wòto vovo la fia ŋutɔ ne míele nu kpɔm tso nu si wòle be woaxɔ dzi ŋu. Committee aɖeke mele si ate ŋu aɖe ɣaɣla gaɖoɖo ƒe ɣaɣlaŋlɔŋlɔ ɖe o, operator ƒuƒo aɖeke mele si ƒe collusion threshold hiabe o, hardware vendor aɖeke hã mele si ƒe attestation wòle be woaxɔ dzi o. Nu si gali le trust base me nye mathematics kple circuits siwo tsɔ sewo ɖe nɔnɔme me ƒe nyateƒenyenye. Na ame sia ame si ƒe threat model ƒe akpae nye infrastructure ŋutɔ, operators si woate ŋu aɖe ŋusẽ ɖe wo ŋu, vendors si woate ŋu aɖe mɔ ŋu na, list kpuie siae nye product la.
Le nyateƒe me la, womekpɔ trust base ma ɖe production me enumake. Le May 29, Taylor Hornby, security researcher si le audit wɔm na Shielded Labs, kpɔ soundness ƒe vodada le Orchard gaƒuƒoƒo la ƒe ɖaseɖigbalɛ ƒe circuit me. Vodada sia nɔ anyi tso gaƒuƒoƒo la ƒe gɔmedzedze le 2022 me, eye abe ale si Shielded Labs ƒe nufiafia gblɔe ene la, ɣeyiɣi ma me wòate ŋu na ZEC siwo menye nyateƒe o ƒe dada dzi manɔ nuwuƒo o le Orchard me, eye ɖoɖonu dzi mɔkpɔkpɔ aɖeke menɔe o.
Woɖe emergency fix la go le ŋkeke atɔ̃ me: Orchard tsi le June 2, eye wotrɔ va le June 3 kple circuit si woɖo ɖe eteƒe. ZODL ƒe remediation post la de impact la ɖe anyi le mɔ kpuie wu ale si Shielded Labs wɔe, eye wòɖe double-spending ƒe afɔfɔ̃ le gaƒuƒoƒo la me fia ɖe teƒe ƒe supply si menye nyateƒe o ŋu. Wògblɔ be user ɣaɣla kple total supply cap la menɔ vodada o.
Verifiability ƒe gaɖoɖo gã la va megbe. Ironwood, si wode dɔme abe NU6.3 ene le July 28, tu Orchard gaƒuƒoƒo la ƒe mɔ ɖe tegbee, ɖe gaƒuƒoƒo yeye aɖe si le circuit si woɖo ɖe eteƒe la dzi, eye independent audits kple formal verification dɔwo de megbe na e. Etsɔ ga siwo katã le dometɔyɔm la to gaɖoɖowo ƒe xexlẽdzikpɔɖeƒe aɖe me, si de mɔxexe na withdrawalwo be woanɔ nu si de eme le mɔ si woate ŋu akpɔ be le eteƒe nu ko. Esia na user siaa ƒe ŋutete va yi eme be wòakpɔ circulating supply la ŋutɔ be le eteƒe, le esime wòmekpɔ ame aɖeke ƒe gaɖoɖowo o. Nudzɔdzɔ la fia trust-base ledger la le dɔ wɔm. Ne circuit ƒe nyateƒenyenye gblẽ la, atikewɔe nye mathematics kple migration, menye committee ƒe be woaɖo nu ene o. Eye blast radius la le mɔxexe me le auditability si architecture la de eme le gaƒuƒoƒo ƒe boundary la dzi ƒe ɣeyiɣi geɖe va yi.
Nu si ɣaɣla wɔwɔ xɔ kple trust base kpuie sia nye nu kpuie to eƒe ŋutɔ ƒe ta me. Nɔnɔme si woɣlae nye fexexe, value si le tso ame ɖeka gbɔ yi bubu gbɔ. Shared encrypted state aɖeke mele si ame geɖe le dɔ wɔm kple o, ɣaɣla contract logic aɖeke mele o, eye encrypted order book aɖeke hã mele o.
FHE na dɔwɔwɔ wɔa dɔ le ciphertext dzi. Le Zama ƒe protocol me, version si le dɔ wɔm fifia le Ethereum dzi la, balances kple transfer amounts le ɖoɖonu dzi abe encrypted handles ene le draft ERC-7984 standard nu. Coprocessors wɔ encrypted arithmetic la le ɖoɖonu me o, eye decryption hia quorum si tso independent key-management operators gbɔ, organizations 13 le mainnet launch me. Woɖe wo tia tso woƒe ŋkɔ nyui kple operational stakes ta, ale be ame ɖeka ko mate ŋu axlẽ data la o. Esiae wɔ be encrypted order book alo ɣaɣla lending pool nɔa ŋutɔ ŋutɔ: ame geɖe ƒe hidden state, si le shared contract logic me ƒoƒo ɖe ɖeka me.
Gake key-management committee la ya? Ele be ame aɖe nate ŋu aɖe ɣaɣlaŋlɔŋlɔ ɖe, ne menye nenema o la, data la menye nu si woate ŋu azã o. Ɖoɖo la ƒe ŋuɖoɖoe nye be ame ma nanɔ abe independent operators ƒe threshold ene le custodian ɖeka teƒe. Woɖoa ame si ate ŋu aɖe values kae ƒe ɣaɣlaŋlɔŋlɔ ɖe la ƒe mɔ ɖe access control si woŋlɔ le contracts ŋutɔ me. Woate ŋu aɖe esia yi ame si woɖo ɖe eŋuwo gbɔ, abe auditors ene, eye delegation mechanism sia ƒe compliance ƒe nɔnɔme le akpa si kplɔe ɖo le series sia me. Biabia si ele be ame si le solutions ƒe evaluation wɔm nabu lae nye be committee la ƒe ƒoƒo, eƒe incentives, kple eƒe threshold sɔ kple evaluator la ƒe threat model hã.
Multi-party computation ma data ɖe shares si woƒo kple ɣaɣla dzesi ŋɔŋlɔwo siwo le woɖokui ŋutɔ dzi, eye wonɔ ɖekawɔwɔ me wɔ result aɖe, le esime ɣaɣla dzesi ŋɔŋlɔ aɖeke meƒo inputs la ƒu o. Avishay Yanai, Soda Labs ƒe co-founder kple CEO, si ƒe garbled-circuit virtual machine wɔ EVM-compatible contract logic le encrypted values dzi le production me le COTI network, gblɔ be MPC ƒe ɖoɖo nyui le production me nye be ame ɖeka aɖeke, vɔ̃ŋlɔla, ɣaɣla dzesi ŋɔŋlɔ si wɔ computation la, alo vendor la hã, makpɔ plaintext inputs alo intermediate state o. Ame sia ame kpɔa nu si disclosure policy la ɖe mɔ na e ko. Ŋugbe la ƒe nɔnɔ le non-collusion ko dzi, eye esia nye assumption si nàte ŋu aɖo ɖe eteƒe le engineering kple contract me, abe operators siwo le jurisdictions vovovo me, clouds vovovo dzi, eye le independent audits te kple legal exposure na collusion ene. Cryptography ƒe dɔ le afi siae nye nu si wòyɔ be trust reduction gã aɖe le trust elimination teƒe, be wòaɖo trust si institutions de le clearinghouses me ŋu. Collusion si va yi threshold la gblẽ ɣaɣla, gake menye correctness o, elabena le designs siwo me public auditability le la, external validators ate ŋu akpɔ be results si woɖe fia la le eteƒe, togbɔ be womede computation la me o.
Kpɔkpɔe koe nye be vɔ̃ŋlɔla ma kpɔ be gaɖoɖo aɖe dzɔ, ɣe kae me, contract kae kple, ame kae dze eŋu, kple batch ƒe homewo kple adzɔwo. Ɣaɣla dzesi ŋɔŋlɔ si le eme la ate ŋu anya function si wɔ dɔ kple eƒe throughput ƒe nɔnɔme. Timing correlation hã nye nu si woabua, elabena activity ƒe home ate ŋu aɖe nya fia togbɔ be amounts menye nu si woate ŋu akpɔ o. Eye nu sia nu si application la de go le plaintext me, nufiafia sue geɖe si woagblɔe akpe ŋu atsɔ patterns ava na ame si le wo dzim. "Esiae nye ŋugbe la ƒe boundary," eɖe eme kɔ, eye wòle be evaluators abi tso vendors be woafiae kɔ. Computation model aɖeke mate ŋu aɖɔ plaintext ƒe nana, abe client si woɖe mɔ ŋu na ƒe wɔwɔ ene, o. Protocol la wɔa dɔ le nyateƒe me le nu sia nu si woxɔe ŋu. Ame siƒo nu kple ame kae nye transport ƒe kuxi, eye compliance nye policy menye mechanism o: "Cryptography aɖeke mewɔ ɖoɖo ma nam wò o."
Garbled-circuit designs wɔa dɔ le rounds si ƒe home menye keke, eye woɖoa cryptographic material si kpe ɖe dɔ la ŋu ɖo hafi inputs ava. Esiae wɔ be transaction-rate ƒe dɔwo ate ŋu awɔ dɔ le afi si secret-sharing protocols xɔ network round trips na operation siaa. Eye abe Yanai gblɔe ene la, afi si MPC ƒome aɖewo ɣla values gake menye computation ƒe nɔnɔ o, garbled-circuit designs ate ŋu akpe ɖe counterparty addresses kple asset types ŋu hã. Gake ƒome sia ƒe nɔnɔ si le vevie na comparison siae nye be MPC nye architecture le eɖokui ŋutɔ me, eye wòganye ingredient le ƒome bubuwo me hã: threshold key committee si le FHE deployment te nye multi-party computation hã. Evaluator la ƒe biabiae, le Yanai ƒe nuɖoɖo me, nye "Nu kae nye committee la wɔ, eye nu kae mexɔna le eƒe tame?" Ne committee la le afi ma togbɔ be nu ka dzɔ o la, computation ŋutɔ ƒe wɔwɔ le MPC me ate ŋu aɖe outer layer si xɔ ga geɖe ɖa.
Ehiã be míade eme kɔ be products vovovo ŋutɔ eve woɖoa woƒe nya le acronym ma ke zãzã me. Custody MPC ma signing key aɖe ɖe ame geɖe dome, ale be ame ɖeka aɖeke mate ŋu asɔ asi ɖeka o; eɣla secret ɖeka, eye joint computation si le eme nye operation si woɖo ɖe anyi ɖeka, si hea asidede agbalẽ te aɖe. Compute MPC wɔ general program logic le data si le ɣaɣla me ɣe sia ɣe dzi, eye wo le ame geɖe ƒe inputs, contract logic siwo ƒe mɔxexe mele o, kple continuous operation me. Mathematics koe nye nu si woƒo ɖeka. Gake le operation me la, wo zã ɖeka na key management, eye wo zã bubu na ɣaɣla execution environment.
TEE nye processor ƒe hardware-isolated region aɖe si le ɣlaŋlɔŋlɔ wɔm na data le memory me, eye wòɣlae tso operating system, hypervisor, kple machine la ƒe operator gbɔ. Remote attestation na ame si le gota la ŋu kpɔ be code kae le dɔ wɔm le eme. Ɖoɖo la xɔ nu eve si cryptographic ƒomewo xɔ ga gã nam, generality kple speed: enclave aɖe ate ŋu awɔ programs siwo mewɔ tɔxɛe o kple gaƒoƒo si sɔ kple nu si mewɔ tɔxɛe o. Esia ta TEEs nye confidential-compute offerings siwo tsoa clouds gãwo kple chain infrastructure si le tsitsi ƒe anchor.
Trust base lae nye trade la, elabena ŋugbe la ƒe ŋusẽ le hardware vendor la ƒe design kple supply chain, attestation infrastructure, kple enclave la ƒe ŋutete be wòatsi tsitre ɖe side-channel extraction ŋu. Esia nye attack ƒe ƒome si ƒe ŋutinya woɖe go sɔ gbɔ. TEE designers nya ledger sia nyuie wu woƒe critics. Architecture la ƒe tiamɛ nye be nàwɔ bet si woɖo nyuie be hardware trust kple attestation nye teƒe si sɔ na real workloads ƒe dɔwɔwɔ le real speed me. Na deployments geɖe la, esia le eme.
Ɖe ɣaɣla Zcash ate ŋu asubɔ confidential trading venue ƒe zã nyawo? Ao, gake esia menye shortfall o. RFQ ƒe teƒe nye shared encrypted state si le contract logic te, ame geɖe ƒe intents si woɣla, siwo ƒoa ƒu le auction si ŋutɔ hã wole dɔ wɔm le blindness me. Esia sɔ wu na nu abe MPC ene, kple shared private state si le interaction gã me, order book aɖe, netting cycle aɖe. Ɣaɣla wɔwɔ ƒe substrate aɖeke mele na esia o; eƒe hidden state nye fexexe le ame eve dome. Teƒe la ŋutɔ sɔ na FHE alo MPC. Eye enyo be woakpɔ be esi Zama tu e la, ɣaɣla si wònaa nye disclosures ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe ɖoɖo na market makers siwo wode agbalẽ me eye wonya wo, elabena esia hia na institutional trading. Gake esia nye product vovo tso nu si ɣaɣla gaɖoɖo naa, si nye ɣaɣla si me whitelist mele o, eye ame aɖeke meva nya wòƒe afɔku le nuwuwu o.
Nu kae nye corporate payments kple payroll ya? Esia nye market si FHE kple MPC vendor siaa le didim fifia, eye esiae nye kuxi si ta wo wɔ ɣaɣla wɔwɔ: amounts woɣla, counterparties woɣla, eye validity le gome. Le principle me la, ɣaɣla ɖoɖonu nye ŋuɖoɖo si le trust base si sesẽ ŋutɔ le afi sia, committee aɖeke mele o, vendor aɖeke mele o, operator ƒuƒo aɖeke mele o. Le agbenɔnɔ me la, corporate-payments market la le woƒo dzi le rails, ERC-20 integration, custodians siwo le xoxo, compliance tooling siwo le xoxo, stablecoin denominations, eye ɣaɣla Zcash naa asset vovo le chain vovo dzi. Gake wòsɔ nyuie le kuxi la ƒe nɔnɔme nu, eye ele integration ƒe lalam ko. Cryptography la ate ŋu awɔe, eya ta practical concerns la kplɔ ɖe nu si surrounding stack la bla ɖe eŋu ŋu.
Enyo hã be míakpɔ nu si ƒome atọ bubuwo naa, si ɣaɣla wɔwɔ mena o: ame aɖe si woate ŋu awɔ be wòawɔ nu. Threshold committee aɖe ate ŋu axɔ court order, enclave vendor aɖe ate ŋu axɔ subpoena na eƒe signing keys, eye operator ƒuƒo aɖe ƒe jurisdiction le. Institution aɖe si hia compliance ƒe mɔ ate ŋu abua committee la be nye product la. Le teƒe bubu me hã la, esiae nye vulnerability.
Ne míakpɔ cases siwo míekpɔ le etame la ake la, míekpɔ nɔnɔme siwo wɔnɔ ƒoƒo. FHE deployments geɖe ƒe threshold MPC le wo te abe decryption layer ene. Zero-knowledge ɖaseɖigbalɛwo de encrypted inputs ƒe nyateƒenyenye ɖe eteƒe hafi FHE azãe. Le garbled-circuit systems me hã, woate ŋu aɖe woƒe nyateƒenyenye ɖe eteƒe megbe, eye esia naa users mɔ be woado go le ŋusẽ me si meɖo ɖe network la ƒe availability ŋu o. Esia nye practice si woxɔ tso rollup architectures gbɔ. TEEs le MPC nodes me abe defense in depth ene, Zama ƒe key-management nodes wɔa woƒe akpa ƒe computation la le hardware enclaves me, eye TEEs le host wɔm na provers kple builders siwo ƒe systems ƒe nuwuwu ŋugbewo nye cryptographic. Comparison si woaŋlɔ le ƒe 5 megbe ate ŋu akpɔ seams la nɔnɔ be eƒe kpɔkpɔ sesẽ. Gake composition la ƒe yiɖoƒe le afɔku ɖeka ko me.
Esiae ta evaluator la ƒe biabia ƒe nɔnɔ si manɔ tegbee menye "technology kae" ŋu nyawo o. Nu si wòle be nàdi lae nye ale si woɖo ɣaɣla ƒe ɣeyiɣi ɖe, nu si woɖe le gome, kple nu si de mɔxexe na exclusion ma. Ɖe nye mathematics kple circuit correctness, committee ƒe non-collusion, honest nodes ƒe threshold, alo vendor ƒe silicon? Xlẽ ɣaɣla ƒe claim siaa le biabia siawo me: nu kae woɣla, tso ame ka gbɔ, va se ɣe ka, eye le ame ka ƒe nyagblɔdzi. Ekema nànya.
Disclosure: Zcash Community Grant kpe ɖe piece sia ŋu. ZCG mekpɔ eye wòɖo piece sia dzi hafi woɖee go o. Proof Street ƒe funding commitmentswo le funding page dzi.
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