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Series: Zcash fi Nnyinasosɛm a Edi Kan . Ahyɛdeɛ 0 . Anchor no Atiefo: wɔn a wɔaba foforo koraa. Crypography biara nni hɔ, blockchain akyi nsɛm biara nni hɔ, na akontaabu biara nni hɔ a wɔfaa no. Nea wobɛgyaw: adwene mu nhwɛsoɔ a ɛteɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛdeɛ Zcash de hena a ɔtuaa hena, ne dodoɔ sie, berɛ a ɔda so ara ma wiase nyinaa hwɛ sɛ wɔannwene sika biara anaasɛ wɔansɛe no mprenu.
Asɛm biara a ɛbɛba akyiri yi wɔ nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so yi mu no ma afiri a worebehyia no no fã biako ayɛ kɛse. Enti sɛ asɛmfua bi wɔ ha te nka sɛ nsa-wavy a, papa. Ɛno yɛ bɔhyɛ sɛ yɛbɛsan aba na yɛanya no yiye.
Fa no sɛ wɔde nnadewa bɔɔ wo sikakorabea krataa so wɔ ɔfasu bi so wɔ kurow no abɔnten so. Daa. Obiara (wo fie wura, w’adwumawura, ɔhɔho, daakye adwumawura, aban) betumi akenkan dan ka biara, aduruyɛ ho ka biara, ntoboa biara, kɔfe biara, na wahwehwɛ onii a wode sika kɔmaa wo ne onii a wode sika kɔmaa wo no mu pɛpɛɛpɛ.
Ɛno nyɛ dystopia nsusuwii hunu. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ saa na Bitcoin yɛ adwuma.
Wɔtaa frɛ Bitcoin sɛ "anonymous," nanso ɛnte saa. Ɛyɛ pseudonymous: wo din nni ledger no so, nanso asɛm biara, sika dodow, ne nkitahodi biara a ɛda address ahorow ntam no yɛ baguam na ɛtra hɔ daa. "Nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn nhwehwɛmu" afuw no nyinaa wɔ hɔ sɛ ɛbɛpepa saa din atoro a ɛyɛ tratraa no akɔ akyi na ɛde address ahorow akyekye nnipa ankasa. Sɛ wɔde w’address no biako bata wo ho pɛ a, wo sikasɛm ho abakɔsɛm da adi.
Wɔkyekyeree Zcash sɛ wɔde bebua asɛmmisa bi a emu yɛ den a ɛyɛ nnaadaa:
So yebetumi anya sika a ɛyɛ kokoam koraa, a ɛde nea ɔde kɔmaa, nea ogye, ne sika dodow asie, bere a yɛda so ara ma obiara hwɛ sɛ wodii mmara no so?
Saa botae abien no ko. Public ledger yɛ verifiable efisɛ obiara tumi hu. Kokoamsɛm kyerɛ sɛ obiara ntumi nhu. Enti ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na ɔmanfo atumi ahwɛ sɛ biribi a wɔmma wɔn kwan sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ no yɛ nokware?
Saa abirabɔsɛm no a wobesiesie no ne nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so yi mu asɛm nyinaa. Momma yɛnhyɛ aseɛ.
Ansa na biribi foforo biara bɛba no, yi adwene a ɛnteɛ a wɔtaa nya no fi hɔ: Zcash nyɛ "kokoam sika." Ɛyɛ sika a ɛma kokoamsɛm sɛ ɔkwan a wobɛfa so. Nokwarem no, efii asetra ase sɛ Bitcoin fork, na ɛde nhyehyɛe abien a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ wɔ blockchain koro no ara so.
| Wiase a ɛda adi pefee | Wiase a wɔabɔ ho ban | |
|---|---|---|
| Kokoam nsɛm | Ɔmanfo, te sɛ Bitcoin | Ankorankoro |
| Address ahorow no fi ase wɔ | t... | z... or u... |
| Ɔsomafo / nea ogye / sika dodow | Wotumi hu ma obiara | Wɔde asie obiara |
| Underlying tech | Bitcoin-kwan so ɔmanfo nhomakorabea | Cryptographic bɔhyɛ ahorow + zero-nimdeɛ adanse |
Sika mpo betumi atwa wɔn ntam hye: sika a wɔde kɔ wiase a wɔabɔ ho ban no mu no, wɔfrɛ no kyɛm, na sɛ wɔde bɛsan akɔ akyi no yɛ deshielding.
Wiase a ɛda adi pefee no ne "Bitcoin a wote ase dedaw bɛyɛ sɛ." Ɛyɛ wiase a wɔabɔ ho ban a ɛwɔ cryptography fɛfɛ no nyinaa, na ɛno nkutoo ne wiase a saa ntoatoaso yi dwen ho.
Adwene mu mfonini biako pɛ a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde fa asɛm no fã a aka no mu ni. Yɛbɛsan akɔ so bere nyinaa.
Fa w’adwene bu ɔmanfo amanneɛbɔ kyerɛwpon kɛse biako a obiara a ɔwɔ Asase so betumi ahu bere nyinaa.
Sika a wobɛgye kyerɛ sɛ obi de sealed, opaque envelope bɛbɔ board no so. Wɔ envelope no mu no, sika dodow a ɛkura ne ahintasɛm bi a nea ogye no nkutoo na obetumi akenkan, efisɛ wɔato envelope no mu wɔ saa ogyefo no ankasa safe so. Wiase nyinaa hu sɛ envelope bi puei. Obiara ntumi nhu nea ɛwɔ mu no gye owura no nkutoo.
Board no nko ara na enyin da. Wɔntetew envelopes mu anaasɛ wɔmpopa da. Wɔde pin abɔ foforo wɔ soro, daa.
Sika a wobɛsɛe kyerɛ sɛ wobɛtiatia ntama akyi, akyerɛ sɛ "Mewɔ envelope a wɔansɛe no wɔ saa board yi so no biako, na wɔama me kwan sɛ mebue", afei wobɛtow void token soronko bi agu ɔmanfo "asɛe" bin mu na woabɔ envelope foforo ama obiara a woretua no.
Saa amanne ketewa no (pin a void token, pin envelopes foforo, ne nyinaa fi ntama akyi) yɛ Zcash akatua. Biribiara a aka no yɛ nea ɛkɔ akyiri.
Afei momma yɛmfa saa props no din ankasa mma.
Saa nsɛmfua anum yi yɛ nsɛmfua a ɛwɔ shielded Zcash no nyinaa. Sua wɔn sɛ asɛm, ɛnyɛ sɛ nsɛmfua nkyerɛase, na wɔbɛbata ho.
| Wɔ asɛm no mu | Ankasa Zcash asɛmfua | Nea ɛyɛ ankasa |
|---|---|---|
| Envelope no mu nsɛm (sika + owura + ahintasɛm bi) | Hyɛ no nsow | Kokoam "sika" no: bo a ɛsom a ɛyɛ obi dea |
| Envelope a wɔatoto mu, a ɛnyɛ hann a ɛwɔ board no so | Hyɛ ahofama nsow | Cryptographic seal a ɛkyerɛ sɛ envelope bi wɔ hɔ bere a ɛde nea ɛwɔ |
| Bulletin board no ankasa | Hyɛ ahofama dua no nsow | Append-only record a ɛkyerɛ nkyerɛwde biara a wɔayɛ pɛn |
| Void token a ɛwɔ "spent" bin no mu | Nnuruyɛfoɔ | Agyiraehyɛde soronko bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ "wɔasɛe saa nkyerɛwde yi mprempren" |
| "Ntama no akyi" nkonyaayi | Zero-nimdeɛ adanseɛ | Adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ sika a wɔsɛee no nyinaa yɛ nokware, a ɛda emu biara adi |
Sɛ wonkae biribi foforo biara mfi asɛm yi mu a, kae pon yi. Biribiara a ɛdi akyire no yɛ nea enti a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhyehyɛ afã biara sɛdeɛ ɛteɛ no ara kwa.
Eyi ne ɔfã a nkyerɛkyerɛmufo dodow no ara twa so, na ɛyɛ ɔfã a ɛtetew "Mekyeree nsɛmfua bi wɔ me tirim" ne "Mete sɛnea wɔayɛ no ase" no mu pɛpɛɛpɛ. Asinasin anum no mu biara wɔ hɔ sɛ wɔde bedi ɔhaw pɔtee biako ho dwuma.
Wobetumi de nsu a ɛyɛ hyew abue envelope a ɛnyɛ den mu. Cryptographic note commitment ntumi. Fa no sɛ ɛyɛ anwanwakwan a wɔatoto mu, envelope a ɛnyɛ hann koraa a tumi akɛse abien wom:
Ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na nsɔano atumi ayɛ abien no nyinaa prɛko pɛ? Ɛno yɛ asɛmmisa ankasa a wobetumi abua. Ɛyɛ asɛmti a ɛfa Ahyɛde 3 (bɔhyɛ ahorow) ho. Mprempren de, gye envelope no tom sɛ nkonyaayi na kɔ so tu.
Sɛ wosɛe krataa bi a, wotintim ne nullifier, "void token." Wɔbu saa token yi firi nkyerɛwdeɛ no ankasa ne wo kokoam safoa. Saa aduannoa no tɔ agyapade abiɛsa bere koro mu, na emu biara ho hia:
Saa agyapadeɛ a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa no yɛ Zcash kokoamsɛm koma, na ɛfata n’ankasa ɔfa a ɛwɔ aseɛ ha.
Biribiara si wɔ ntama akyi, na nea wode ma wiase no wɔ ɛno akyi no yɛ nimdeɛ a enni adanse, adansedi krataa bi a wontumi nhyɛ da. Ɛdi eyinom nyinaa ho adanse prɛko pɛ:
Anwonwadeɛ no ne sɛ adanseɛ no da saa nokwasɛm no mu biara adi biara. Ɛnyɛ sika dodow no, ɛnyɛ address ahorow no, ɛnyɛ envelope bɛn. Ɛma wogye di nko ara sɛ asɛm biara a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no yɛ nokware. Sɛnea ɛno mpo betumi aba ne Ahyɛde 5 (nimdeɛ a enni adanse), crescendo a ɛwɔ ntoatoaso no mu.
Wɔwo note, ɛte board no so, na awiei koraa no wu, na nea ɛho hia titiriw no, n’awo ne ne wu no te sɛ nea ɛne obiara a ɔrehwɛ no nni abusuabɔ.
Momma yɛnhwɛ sɛ Alice tua Bob ka, a wɔakyerɛw ɔmanfo ne kokoam anammɔn biara din.
Hyɛ asymmetry a ɛma kokoam nsɛm no yɛ adwuma no nsow:
Ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na Bob mpo ahu sɛ wɔtuaa no ka? Wɔde ne krataa no ahyɛ ne nsa kɔ ne safoa so. Ɔkɔ so scan board no na ne envelopes nkutoo na ɛpue ma no, te sɛ nea ɔwɔ safe biako a ɛfata locks pɔtee bi. Mfiri a ɛwɔ eyi akyi ne viewing keys, asɛmti a ɛbɛba akyiri yi.
| Nokwasɛm a ɛfa sikatua ho | Ɔmanfo betumi ahu? |
|---|---|
| Saa a shielded transaction no sii | Yiw |
| Sɛ ɛdi mmara nyinaa so (atoro nnim, sika a wɔsɛe no mmɔho abien) | Yiw (ɛnam adanse no so) |
| Hena na ɔde sika no kɔmaa | Wɔde ahintaw |
| Hena na ogyee no | Wɔde ahintaw |
| Nea ɛhe na na wɔde kɔmaa | Wɔde ahintaw |
| He kan note a wɔde dii dwuma | Wɔde ahintaw |
Eyi ne abirabɔ no ano aduru a efi Ɔfa 1. Ɔmanfo na wɔhwɛ mmara no so, na ɛnyɛ emu nsɛm no. Verification ne kokoamsɛm gyae ntɔkwaw, efisɛ zero-knowledge adanse no ma wutumi hwɛ kan no mu a wonka nea etwa to no.
Sɛ wote saa adwene baako yi ase a, wote nea enti a Zcash yɛ kokoam no ase. Kenkan no nkakrankakra.
Enti obi a ɔhwɛ abɔnten hu sɛ envelopes asuten bi repue na void tokens a ɛrepue, nanso ontumi nhyia. Wontumi nka sɛ "void token a wɔtow gui nnɛ no ne envelope a wɔde pinned wɔ March a etwaam no hyia." Link no wɔ hɔ nkutoo wɔ kokoam nimdeɛ a nkyerɛwde no wura wɔ mu, na zero-nimdeɛ adanse no si so dua sɛ link no yɛ nokware a ɛnda no adi.
Saa link a abubu no ne ade a chain-analysis firms di apontow wɔ Bitcoin mu, ne ade a Zcash hyɛ da twa mu.
Sɔ wo nkate hwɛ: Sɛ wɔde nullifiers mmom bu akontaa nko fi nkyerɛwde no mu (kokoam safe biara nni mu a), agyapade abiɛsa a ɛwɔ Ɔfã 5 no mu nea ɛwɔ he na ɛbɛbubu, na dɛn nti na ɛno bɛsɛe kokoamsɛm komm? (Mmuae wɔ awiei.)
Eyi yɛ adwene mu nhwɛso, ɛnyɛ spec no. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛkɔ so ayɛ nea ɛyɛ foforo-adamfofa no yɛama nneɛma ankasa pii ayɛ mmerɛw komm: Zcash anya nhyehyɛe ahorow pii a wɔabɔ ho ban (Sprout, afei Sapling, mprempren Orchard); nnwuma ankasa betumi asɛe sika na wɔayɛ nkyerɛwde pii prɛko pɛ; "the board" yɛ mfiridwuma mu no dua pɔtee bi, ɛnyɛ pinboard ankasa; na wɔde cryptographic nhomakorabea foforo bi hyɛ bo a ɛkari pɛ no mu den. Saa nsɛm no mu biara nsakra asɛm a wusuae seesei ara no; wɔsiesie no yiye. Yɛde pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ no bɛka ho asan, asɛm biako biara, na yɛahyɛ frankaa pefee bere biara a yɛbɛyɛ saa.
Nhomasua mu nsɛm pa ma wonya ahotoso denam nea egyaw no a wɔka so. Saa ɔfa yi ne saa bɔhyɛ no.
"Yɛbɛsan aba eyi so" biara a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no yɛ asaawa. Baabi a wɔkyekyere wɔn mu biara ni:
| Loose end fi asɛm yi mu | Baabi a wɔasiesie |
|---|---|
| Ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na envelope a wɔatoto mu atumi ayɛ nea wɔde asie ne nea wontumi mfa mfiri? | Ahyɛdeɛ 3: bɔhyɛ ahodoɔ |
| Ɛhe na nsafe ne kokoam aduannoa ho nyansahyɛ ahorow no fi? | Ahyɛdeɛ 1 & 2: afuo ne curves |
| Dɛn ne "board no," pɛpɛɛpɛ? | Ahyɛdeɛ 4: Merkle nnua |
| Wobɛyɛ dɛn atumi akyerɛ sɛ biribi yɛ nokware bere a wonda biribiara adi? | Ahyɛdeɛ 5: adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nimdeɛ nnim |
| Ɔkwan bɛn so na asinasin anum no nyinaa bom wɔ Zcash ankasa mu? | Ahyɛdeɛ 6: protocol a wɔabɔ ho ban |
Seesei wokura asase mfonini no. Nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so no nkae no hyɛ mu ma.
| Asɛmfua | Plain-English asekyerɛ |
|---|---|
| Note | Ankorankoro unit a ɛsom bo, Zcash a ɛne sika anaa sika a wɔde tua ho ka yɛ pɛ |
| Note commitment | Cryptographic seal a ɛkyerɛ sɛ krataa bi wɔ hɔ a ɛnda no adi |
| Note commitment tree | Baguam kyerɛwtohɔ a wɔde ka ho nkutoo a ɛfa nkyerɛwde bɔhyɛ ahorow nyinaa ho |
| Nullifier | "Sent" agyiraehyɛde soronko a wotintim bere a wɔde nkyerɛwde bi di dwuma, a esiw sika a wɔsɛe no mmɔho abien |
| Zero-knowledge proof | Adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ asɛm bi yɛ nokware bere a ɛnna biribiara adi nsen ne nokware |
| Shielding / deshielding | Sika a wɔde kɔ / fi ankorankoro wiase a wɔabɔ ho ban no mu |
| Viewing Key | Safoa a ɛma owura no hu na ɔkenkan nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw a wɔde akɔma wɔn |
So Zcash yɛ kokoam bere nyinaa?
Dabi, kokoam nsɛm fa shielded wiase no ho (z.../u... address ahorow). Fann (t...) nkitahodi yɛ baguam, te sɛ Bitcoin.
Sɛ biribiara ahintaw a, dɛn na esiw obi kwan sɛ obetintim sika a wontua hwee? Adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wonni nimdeɛ biara. It mathematically forces every transaction's outputs to be backed by real, unspent inputs, while keeping the amounts secret.
So wobetumi asɛe krataa koro no ara mprenu? Dabi, sɛ wosɛe krataa bi a, wotintim ne nullifier; mmɔdenbɔ a ɛtɔ so mmienu no bɛtintim nullifier a ɛyɛ pɛ no, a ɛwɔ "spent" bin no mu dedaw, enti network no pow.
So abɔntenfo betumi de obi a ɔsoma no abata obi a ogye no ho? Dabi, obiara ntumi mfa bɔhyɛ (note no awo) ne nullifier (note wu) no nhyia a owura no nnim kokoam.
Sɛ wɔbuu nullifier no nko firii nkyerɛwdeɛ no mu, a na kokoam safoa biara nni mu a, ɛnde obiara bɛtumi abu no, abubu agyapadeɛ #1 (owura no nko ara na ɔbɛtumi asɛe). Nea enye koraa no, afei de na wobetumi anya nullifier no tẽẽ afi ɔmanfo nsɛm a ɛfa krataa no ho, a ebetumi ama wɔn a wɔhwɛ no asan de nullifier no abata ne bɔhyɛ ho, abubu agyapade #3 na wɔabue nhyehyɛe no nyinaa kokoamsɛm mu komm. Kokoam safoa no ne nea ɛma void token no yɛ wo dea nkutoo ne unlinkable.
Ahyɛdeɛ 1 . Finite fields: akontaahyɛde nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ nwonwa, fɛfɛ a akontaabu "bɔ ho ban," ne nea enti a cryptography afã biara a ɛwɔ saa ntoatoaso yi mu no te hɔ. Yɛbɛhyɛ aseɛ, sɛdeɛ ɛteɛ daa no, de intuition, no formulas kɔsi sɛ yɛbɛnya.
*Zcash no fã bi a efi Nnyinasosɛm a Edi Kan series ma ZecHub. CC BY-SA 4.0 a wɔama ho tumi krataa.