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Asɛm yi yɛ mirrored fi Adanse Abɔnten so, nhoma a ɛde ne ho a ɛfa kɔmputa a ɛkora kokoam nsɛm so ho: ZK, FHE, MPC, TEEs, ne decentralized identity. Mfiase no wotintimii sɛ "Wɔde ahintasɛm toto ho: nea kokoam nsɛm ho nhyehyɛe anan hyɛ bɔ". on August 12, 2026. Wɔde ɔkyerɛwfo no kwan na ɛyɛɛ no ahwehwɛ sɛ ne fã Zcash Mpɔtam Hɔ Mmoa a Wɔde Ma #339. Stephen Webber na ɔkyerɛwee.
Wɔ July awiei no, Zama danee a kokoam nsakrae beae wɔ Ethereum mainnet so, wɔ kokoam beta mu ansa na September baguam ahyɛnsode, a ɛma ɛyɛ yiye sɛ aguadifo bi de adwene a wɔabɔ no kokoam a ɛde sika dodow, slippage tolerance, ne aguadi no kwankyerɛ bɛmena.
Ɛde ne ho to choreography ketewaa bi so ma eyi. Oguadifo no de kokoam nneɛma abien a wɔde kɔma obi foforo sie, biako kura agyapade ankasa na biako nso ma nan a ɛne no bɔ abira a sika biara nni mu, enti obi a ɔhwɛ ade no hu sɛ ɛkɔ akwan abien so a ne kɛse ahintaw na ontumi nhu adetɔ bi mfi adetɔn bi mu. Wɔn a wɔyɛ gua so a wɔakyerɛw wɔn din wɔ fitaa no mu no kyerɛkyerɛ adwene no mu, wohu ne kɛse nanso ɛnyɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ no, na wɔfa afã abien no nyinaa ka. Atɔnbea a wɔahyɛ no agyirae no si nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn so, na nea odi nkonim no nkutoo na ohu ɔkwan a aguadi no faa so. Nea efi mu ba ankasa ne nsakrae a wɔyɛ no kɛse wɔ ɔmanfo nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn bi so, baabi a kuw biako biara nni aguadi no akyi a ɛboaboa mfonini no nyinaa ano da.
Zama ka ade no ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ kokoamsɛm fi awiei kosi awiei, nanso dɛn na saa kokoamsɛm no hwehwɛ ankasa? Ahintasɛm a wɔbɛkora so wɔ ha no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde kokoamsɛm sie wɔ nneyɛe ahorow nyinaa mu, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔmanfo behu ade biako, wɔn a wɔadi nkogu no ahu pii, efisɛ wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ aguadi no kɛse mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛfa asɛm aka, na nea odii nkonim no hu pii da so ara. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so no fã biara te saa esiane gyinaesi bi a obi sii wɔ nea ɛsɛ sɛ ohu nea ɛsɛ sɛ ohu, ne bere a ɛsɛ sɛ ohu ho nti. Ɛbɛyɛ papa sɛ yɛbɛbɔ kokoamsɛm mua sɛ "obiara nhu biribiara," nanso biribiara rennyɛ adwuma wɔ nneyɛe mu. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhyehyɛ kokoam nsɛm, na ɛsɛ sɛ edi nnidiso nnidiso akyi.
Nea ɛyɛ anigye ne sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ mfe du ansa na saa mfiase no reba no, Zcash de kokoam asɛm a edi kan a wɔde siesie asɛm no too ɔmanfo blockchain so, de adanse a wonni nimdeɛ biara dii dwuma de sie nea ɔde kɔmaa, nea ogye, ne sika dodow a wɔde di gua bere a ɔkyerɛ obiara sɛ asɛm no yɛ nokware. Wɔ mfe du a atwam fi saa bere no mu no, "ahintasɛm" abɛyɛ asɛmfua a wɔde gyina hɔ ma anyɛ yiye koraa no mfiridwuma mmusua anan a ɛsono emu biara: nkitahodi a wɔabɔ ho ban, encryption a ɛyɛ homomorphic koraa, akontaabu a ɛfa nnipa pii ho, ne mmeae a wogye di a wɔde kum nnipa. Mprempren wɔreyɛ nneɛma a efi mmusua anan no nyinaa mu, na emu dodow bi wɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn koro mu. Enti, dɛn na ɛwɔ tin no mu?
Mmusua anan no de mmuae ahorow a ɛsonosonoe na ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛka bom ma wɔ ɔhaw ahorow anan ho, na esiane sɛ mprempren mmuae biara ba a wɔakyekyere no sɛ ade nti, adwuma ankasa ne sɛ wubehu ɔhaw a wowɔ ankasa.
Ahintasɛm biara a wɔka, bere a wuyi fi ne ntade ase no, ɛsɛ sɛ wobua nsɛmmisa anan. Data bɛn na wɔde asie? Henanom na efi hɔ? Wɔ data no nkwa nna fã bɛn mu? Na dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho to so na ama awerɛhyem no atumi atra ase?
Sɛ nhwɛso no, fa beae a wɔyɛ nsakrae no. Ɛsɛ sɛ ɛde dodow, akwankyerɛ, ne nea ɛtwetwe no sie. Dɛn nti na ɛnyɛ agyapade baanu no? Zama se daakye nkyerɛase bi de ɛno nso besie. Efi hena: ɔmanfo ne bots a wɔretu mmirika anim no koraa, gua so ayɛfo a wɔfa nsɛm ka no fã bi, nea odi nkonim no anyɛ yiye koraa no. Wɔ saa fã no mu: ɛnam nsɛm a wɔafa aka ne atɔn so, a wɔayɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛda no adi wɔ bere a wɔresiesie. Na hena na ɛsɛ sɛ wode wo ho to no so: guarantee no gyina FHE no ankasa so, smart contracts no so, ne threshold key-management system a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ adwuma no bom twa threshold bi so. Per the litepaper a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm, ɔfã biako biara ntumi nkɔ decryption keys no so da.
Ɛyɛ design a wɔde di dwuma kɛse a enni broadcasting strategy. Wɔn a wɔyɛ gua so no hu kɛse efisɛ wontumi mfa bo a wɔabɔ ka bi ho ka a wonni bi. Nea odi nkonim no sua akwankyerɛ efisɛ, yiw, asɛm a wobesiesie no hwehwɛ.
Nea nhwɛso no kyerɛ ne sɛ asɛm bi a ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ abien, te sɛ nea biribi yɛ kokoamsɛm anaasɛ ɛnte saa no, bubu nhyehyɛe bi a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔayi afi mu ho ankasa. Akwan horow a ɛsono emu biara koraa wɔ hɔ a wɔfa so du nsɛm a wɔka a ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ pɛ ho.
Zcash asɛm a wɔabɔ ho ban de nea ɔde kɔmaa, nea ogye, ne sika dodow no sie. Nea ɛda so ara wɔ baguam ne adanse no: nimdeɛ a enni mu akyinnyegye, a obiara a ɔde node di dwuma no betumi ahwɛ, sɛ asɛm a wɔde asie no di mmara no akyi. Sika a wɔabɔ ho ban wɔ hɔ sɛ nkrataa a wɔabɔ no kokoam, emu biara yɛ kokoam kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛfa sika bi ne ne wura ho a epue wɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn so sɛ cryptographic bɔhyɛ nkutoo. Sɛ wode krataa bi di dwuma a, wotintim nullifier, botae a ɛmma wontumi nsɛe nkyerɛwde koro no ara mprenu da a ɛnkyerɛ nkyerɛwde ko a na ɛyɛ. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ network no betumi apow sika a wɔsɛe no mmɔho abien a wonsua sika a ɛkɔɔ baabi foforo da, enti sika a wɔsɛe no no nnya kwan biara a ɛbɛka asɛm biako ne foforo abata ho. Adanse no adwuma ne sɛ ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛ nea ɔsɛee sika no na na ɔwɔ krataa no, sɛ asɛm no bo a ɛkari pɛ, na wɔammɔ ZEC biara anaasɛ wɔansɛe no, ne nyinaa a wɔankyerɛ dodow a ɛka ho no biara.
Su a ɛda nsow wɔ adwini no mu no da adi kɛse bere a wosusuw nea ɛsɛ sɛ wogye di ho no. Boayikuw biara nni hɔ a ebetumi decrypt a shielded transaction, operator set biara nni hɔ a ne collusion threshold ho hia, hardware vendor biara nni hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wogye ne adansedi di. Nea ɛda so ara wɔ ahotoso nnyinaso no mu ne akontaabu ne sɛnea amansin a ɛkyerɛw mmara no teɛ. Wɔ obiara a ne ahunahuna nhwɛso no ka infrastructure no ankasa ho, adwumayɛfo a wobetumi ahyɛ wɔn so, adetɔnfo a wobetumi asɛe wɔn no, saa din tiawa no ne ade no.
Sɛnea ɛte no, wɔsɔɔ saa ahotoso nnyinaso no hwɛe wɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ mu ara kwa. Wɔ May 29 no, Taylor Hornby, ahobanbɔ nhwehwɛmufoɔ a ɔreyɛ Shielded Labs akontabuo, hunuu sɛ nnyigyeiɛ mu sintɔ bi wɔ Orchard ɔtare no adanseɛ amansin no mu, a ɛwɔ hɔ firi berɛ a ɔtare no de sii hɔ wɔ afe 2022 mu, deɛ, sɛdeɛ Shielded Labs daa no adi no, anka ɛbɛtumi ama kwan ma wɔayɛ ZEC atoro a anohyetoɔ nni mu wɔ Orchard mu a enni nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn no so biribiara.
Wɔde ntɛmpɛ a wosiesiee no kɔe wɔ nnanu mu: Orchard gyinaa hɔ kakra wɔ June 2, afei wɔsan de ɔmansin a wɔateɛteɛ mu sii hɔ wɔ June 3. ZODL no remediation post no twee nkɛntɛnso no teateaa sen Shielded Labs, na ɛkaa asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛsɛe sika mmɔho abien wɔ ɔtare no mu sen sɛ wɔde bɛma atoro, na ɛbɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no kokoamsɛm ne nneɛma a wɔde ma nyinaa cap no annya nkɛntɛnso.
Verifiability rebuild no de kɔmaa akyiri yi. Ironwood, activated as NU6.3 on July 28, seals the Orchard pool permanently, opens a fresh pool on the corrected circuit, backed by independent audits and formal verification work, and routes all exiting funds through a turnstile that caps withdrawals at what verifiably ahyɛn mu, a ɛbɛma obiara a ɔde di dwuma no tumi a ɔde ne ho bɛhwɛ nneɛma a ɛredi akɔneaba no a onhu obiara nnwuma. Episode no yɛ ahotoso-gyina ledger a ɛreyɛ adwuma. Bere a ɔmansin no mu nteɛso antumi anyɛ yiye no, na aduru no yɛ akontaabu ne atutra, na ɛnyɛ boayikuw bi adwene, na na ɔtopae no fã no hye ne akontaabu a adansi no akyekye wɔ ɔtare no hye so mfe bi a atwam no.
Nea shielding de saa ahotoso kakraa bi no tɔ no yɛ teateaa wɔ ahyɛ da. Tebea a ahintaw no yɛ akatua, bo a ɛsom fi ɔfã biako so kɔ foforo so. Tebea biara nni hɔ a wɔde encrypt a wɔkyɛ a afã horow pii bu akontaa wɔ so, kokoam apam mu ntease biara nni hɔ, na encrypted order book biara nni hɔ.
FHE ma kɔmputa kɔ so wɔ ciphertext so. Wɔ Zama protocol mu no, mprempren version no te Ethereum so, balances ne transfer amounts wɔ hɔ wɔ chain so sɛ encrypted handles wɔ draft no ase ERC-7984 gyinapɛn, coprocessors yɛ encrypted arithmetic off chain, na decryption hwehwɛ quorum a ahofadi key-management operators, ahyehyɛde dumiɛnsa wɔ mainnet launch, a wɔapaw ama din ne adwumayɛ mu kyɛfa, enti ɔfã biako biara ntumi nkenkan data no. Eyi ne nea ɛma encrypted order book anaa kokoam boseabɔ pool tumi koraa: afã horow pii tebea a ahintaw, hyehyɛ wɔ shared contract logic mu.
Nanso boayikuw a wɔhwɛ nneɛma so titiriw no nso ɛ? Ɛsɛ sɛ obi tumi decrypt, anyɛ saa a wontumi mfa data no nni dwuma. Nsusuwii no mmuae ne sɛ ɛbɛma saa obi no ayɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔde wɔn ho no aboboano mmom sen sɛ ɔbɛyɛ ɔhwɛfo biako, na wɔadi nea obetumi decrypt gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛnam kwan a wɔfa so nya kwan a wɔakyerɛw wɔ apam ahorow no ankasa mu so, a wobetumi atrɛw mu akɔ nnipa a wɔapaw wɔn te sɛ akontaabufo, ananmusifo nhyehyɛe a nea ɛkyerɛ sɛ wodi so no yɛ ade a edi hɔ wɔ saa nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so yi mu no dea. Asɛmmisa a ɛwɔ hɔ ma obi a ɔresusuw ano aduru ho ne sɛ ebia boayikuw no nhyehyɛe, nea ɛkanyan, ne aboboano no ne nhwehwɛmufo no ahunahuna nhwɛso no hyia anaa.
Multi-party computation kyekyɛ data mu yɛ no kyɛfa a wɔakyekyɛ wɔ independent nodes so, a wɔbom bu nea efi mu ba a node biara nsan nkyekye inputs no. Avishay Yanai, a ɔka wɔn a wɔhyehyɛɛ Soda Labs ne ne kwankyerɛfo panyin, a ne... afiri a wɔde yɛ virtual afiri a ɛyɛ garbled-circuit executes EVM-compatible contract logic over encrypted values in production on the COTI network, kyerɛkyerɛ MPC nhyehyeɛ pa mu wɔ production mu sɛ ɛhwɛ sɛ ɔfã baako biara nni hɔ, sɛ́ ɛyɛ ɔhwɛfoɔ, node a ɛreyɛ kɔmputa no, anaa adetɔnfoɔ, da, plaintext inputs anaa intermediate state, na obiara hunu deɛ disclosure policy no de ma wɔn nko ara. Guarantee no gyina nea ɛnyɛ apam nkutoo so, na ɛno yɛ adwene a wubetumi ayɛ mfiridwuma na woayɛ apam atwa ho ahyia, te sɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ tumidi ahorow a ɛsono emu biara, wɔ mununkum ahorow a ɛsono emu biara so, ne akontaabu a ɛde ne ho ase, a mmara kwan so da no adi wɔ apam ho. Cryptography adwuma wɔ ha ne nea ɔfrɛ no ahotoso a wɔtew so kɛse sen sɛ wobeyi ahotoso afi hɔ, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛne ahotoso a ahyehyɛde ahorow de si clearinghouses no bɛyɛ pɛ. Collusion past the threshold bubu kokoamsɛm, nanso ɛnyɛ nea ɛteɛ, efisɛ wɔ designs a ɔmanfo auditability mu no, abɔnten validators da so ara tumi hwɛ sɛ nea wɔabɔ ho amanneɛ no teɛ a wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ akontaabu no mu.
Kɔkɔbɔ no ara ne sɛ obi a ɔhwɛ ade a ɔte saa no hu sɛ asɛm bi sii, bere a, apam bɛn na ɛtiae, hena na ɔde kɔmaa, ne batch akɛse ne sika a wɔbɔ. Node a ɛde ne ho hyɛ mu betumi asua adwuma a ɛkɔɔ so ne ne throughput nhyehyɛe ahorow. Bere nkitahodi yɛ ade foforo a ɛsɛ sɛ wosusuw ho, efisɛ dwumadi dodow betumi atwetwe bere mpo a dodow no ntumi nkɔ. Na ɛmfa ho nea application no de ba wɔ nsɛm a emu da hɔ mu no, nsɛm nketenkete a wɔda no adi mpɛn pii no betumi anyin abɛyɛ nhwɛso ahorow a ebetumi aba ama apontow bi a ɛrehwɛ wɔn. "Ɛyɛ bɔhyɛ no hye," ɔma emu da hɔ, enti ɛsɛ sɛ nhwehwɛmufo hwehwɛ sɛ adetɔnfo twetwe no pefee. Mfiridwuma ho nhwɛsoɔ biara nni hɔ a ɛsiesie nsɛm a ɛnyɛ den a, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, afɛfoɔ a wɔagye no atom de mena. Protocol no de nokwaredi bu akontaa wɔ biribiara a wɔde ma no so. Hena na ɔne hena kasa yɛ akwantu ho haw, na nea wodi so no yɛ nhyehyɛe mmom sen mfiri: "Crypography biara nni hɔ a ɛma saa atemmu no mma wo."
Garbled-circuit designs tu mmirika wɔ bere nyinaa rounds a heavy cryptographic material precomputed ansa na inputs aba, a ɛno ne nea ɛma transaction-rate workloads yɛ yiye wɔ baabi a secret-sharing protocols tua network round trips wɔ adwumayɛ biara mu, ne baabi a, sɛnea Yanai kyerɛ no, MPC mmusua binom bɔ gyinapɛn ahorow no ho ban nanso ɛnyɛ nokwasɛm a ɛfa akontaabu ho no, garbled-circuit designs betumi atrɛw cover mu akɔ counterparty address ne agyapade mu ahorow ahorow. Nanso, abusua no agyapadeɛ a ɛfiri mu ba kɛseɛ ma saa ntotoho yi ne sɛ MPC yɛ adansiɛ wɔ n’ankasa mu, na ɛsan nso yɛ adeɛ a ɛwɔ mmusua afoforɔ no mu: threshold key committee a ɛwɔ FHE deployment ase no ankasa yɛ multi-party computation. Nhwehwɛmufoɔ no asɛmmisa, wɔ Yanai framing mu no, ne sɛ "dɛn na me boayikuo no yɛ, na dɛn na metua wɔ so?" Sɛ boayikuw no wɔ hɔ ɔkwan biara so a, sɛ wɔde akontaabu no ankasa di dwuma wɔ MPC mu a, ebetumi ayi akyi fã bi a ne bo yɛ den afi hɔ.
Ɛfata sɛ yɛma emu da hɔ sɛ nneɛma abien a ɛsono emu biara koraa nya nkɔmmɔbɔ denam asɛmfua a wɔatwa no tiaa koro no ara so. Custody MPC kyekyɛ signing key mu wɔ afã horow pii mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔn mu biako pɛ rentumi mfa ne nsa nhyɛ ase; ɛbɔ ahintasɛm biako ho ban, na akontaabu a wɔbom yɛ a ɛka ho no yɛ adwuma biako a ɛyɛ pintinn, na ɛma wonya nsaano nkyerɛwee. Compute MPC de general program logic di dwuma wɔ data a ɛtra hɔ ahintaw wɔ ne nyinaa mu, na ɛfa afã horow pii inputs, arbitrary contract logic, ne adwumayɛ a ɛkɔ so ho. Nkontaabu no ne nea abien no nyinaa yɛ pɛ. Nanso, wɔ adwumayɛ mu no, wɔde biako di dwuma de di safe ho dwuma na biako nso yɛ kokoam kum tebea.
TEE yɛ hardware-isolated region a processor a ɛkora data encrypted wɔ memory mu na ɛbɔ ho ban fi operating system, hypervisor, ne afiri no dwumadie ho, a akyirikyiri adansedie ma abɔntenfoɔ bi hwɛ sɛ code bɛn na ɛretu mmirika wɔ mu. Nsusuwii no tɔ nneɛma abien a cryptographic mmusua no tua ho ka kɛse, generality ne ahoɔhare: enclave bi di nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛyɛ mpapahwekwa a ɛbɛn ɛka a wɔbɔ, ɛno nti na TEEs anchor dodow no ara kokoam-kɔmputa afɔrebɔ fi mununkum akɛse ne nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn nhyehyɛe a ɛrenya nkɔso.
Ahotoso nnyinaso ne aguadi no, efisɛ ahotoso no mu yɛ den te sɛ hardware tɔnfo no nhyehyɛe ne nea ɔde ma, adansedi nhyehyɛe, ne enclave no sɔre tia side-channel extraction, ntua kuw a ɛwɔ abakɔsɛm a wɔatintim akyɛ nkutoo. TEE adwumfo nim saa ledger yi yiye sen wɔn akasatiafo. Paw architecture kyerɛ sɛ wobɛyɛ bet a wosusuw ho sɛ hardware ahotoso ne adansedi ne bo a ɛfata ma mmirikatu adwuma ankasa wɔ ahoɔhare ankasa mu, na wɔ deployments pii mu no ɛte saa.
So shielded Zcash betumi asom kokoam aguadi beae a wɔde di dwuma asɛm no? Dabi, nanso ɛno nyɛ sintɔ. RFQ beae bi yɛ kyɛfa encrypted tebea wɔ apam ntease ase, afã horow pii adwene a ahintaw hyehyɛ wɔ auction a ɛno ankasa tu mmirika anifuraefo mu. Ɛno fa biribi te sɛ MPC ho kɛse, a ɛwɔ kokoam tebea a wɔkyɛ wɔ nkitahodi a ɛtaa ba ase, order book, netting cycle. Shielding nni substrate biara a ɛbɛma wɔatumi ayɛ saa; ne tebea a ahintaw no yɛ sika a wotua wɔ afã abien ntam. Beae no ankasa fata ma FHE anaa MPC, na ɛfata sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ bere a Zama sii no, kokoamsɛm a ɛde ma no yɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛda nneɛma adi akyerɛ wɔn a wɔakyerɛw wɔn din wɔ fitaa, a wɔakyerɛ wɔn gua so, a ɛho hia ma ahyehyɛde ahorow aguadi. Nanso ɛno yɛ ade soronko sen nea adetɔn a wɔabɔ ho ban de ma, a ɛyɛ kokoamsɛm a wonni whitelist biara na wonni apontow biara a awiei koraa no osua w’akwankyerɛ.
Na nnwumakuw sikatua ne akatua a wɔde ma nso ɛ? Eyi yɛ gua a FHE ne MPC adetɔnfo biara mprempren asɛnnibea, na ɛyɛ ɔhaw a wɔkyekyeree shielding no pɛpɛɛpɛ: sika dodow a wɔde asie, counterparties a wɔde asie, validity public. Wɔ nnyinasosɛm mu no nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a wɔabɔ ho ban ne mmuae a egyina ahotoso a emu yɛ den sen biara a ɛwɔ hɔ, boayikuw biara nni hɔ, adetɔnfo biara nni hɔ, adwumayɛfo biara nni hɔ. Wɔ nneyɛe mu no, wɔredi nkonim wɔ nnwumakuw-tua gua no so wɔ keteke kwan so, ERC-20 nkabom, ahwɛfo a wɔwɔ hɔ dedaw, nnwinnade a wɔde di mmara so dedaw, stablecoin denominations, ne Zcash a wɔabɔ ho ban de agyapade soronko ma wɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn soronko bi so. Nanso ɛyɛ solid fit wɔ level of problem shape na ɛretwɛn nkabom kɛkɛ. Crypography no betumi ayɛ, enti nneɛma a ɛhaw adwene a mfaso wɔ so no fa nea stack a atwa ho ahyia no ne no di nkitaho no ho.
Ɛfata nso sɛ yɛhwɛ nea mmusua abiɛsa a aka no de ma, na kyɛm nyɛ saa: apontow a wobetumi ahyɛ no. Threshold committee betumi anya asɛnnibea ahyɛde, wobetumi afrɛ enclave vendor bi sɛ ɔmmɛfrɛ ne nsafe a wɔde bɛhyɛ ase, na operator set wɔ tumidi. Asoɛe bi a ehia ɔkwan a wɔfa so di mmara so no betumi abu boayikuw no sɛ ade a wɔyɛ. Ɛsan nso, fi nkongua foforo so, mmerɛwyɛ no.
Sɛ yɛsan hwɛ nsɛm a wɔayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu wɔ atifi hɔ no a, yebehu mfonini bi a ɛka bom. FHE deployments dodow no ara wɔ threshold MPC ase sɛ decryption layer. Zero-nimdeɛ adanseɛ di encrypted inputs ho adanseɛ ansa na FHE adi, na wɔ garbled-circuit systems mu no, ɛtumi di adanseɛ wɔ nokwasɛm no akyi, na ɛma wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no nya kwan a wɔhyɛ sɛ wɔbɛfiri mu a ɛnnyina network no a ɛwɔ hɔ so, adeyɛ a wɔfɛm firi rollup architectures mu. TEEs pue wɔ MPC nodes mu sɛ defense wɔ bun mu, Zama key-management nodes no tu wɔn kyɛfa wɔ akontabuo no mu wɔ hardware enclaves mu, na TEEs kɔ so gye provers ne builders a systems a wɔn awiei guarantees yɛ cryptographic. Ebia ɛbɛyɛ den sɛ wobehu ntotoho a wɔakyerɛw wɔ mfe anum mu no. But composition runs one direction only.
Ɛno nti na ɔkwan a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ a ɛwɔ nhwehwɛmufo no asɛmmisa no mu no nyɛ "mfiridwuma bɛn" ho asɛm koraa. Adeɛ a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwehwɛ ne sɛdeɛ wɔhyehyɛ kokoamsɛm no nnidiso nnidiso, deɛ wɔyi firi mu, ne deɛ ɛhyɛ sɛ wɔyi firi mu, sɛ ɛyɛ akontabuo ne ɔmansin mu nteɛsoɔ, boayikuo bi a wɔnyɛ apam, threshold a ɛyɛ nokwaredifoɔ nodes, anaa adetɔnfoɔ silicon. Kenkan kokoamsɛm biara a wɔka denam bisa a wubebisa nea wɔde asie, hena, kosi bere, ne hena asɛm so, na afei wubehu.
Disclosure: saa asɛm yi na wɔde a Zcash Mpɔtam Hɔ Mmoa a Wɔde Ma. ZCG anhwɛ mu anaasɛ annye saa asɛm yi antom ansa na wɔretintim. Wɔakyerɛw Proof Street sikasɛm ho bɔhyɛ ahorow wɔ... sika a wɔde ma ho kratafa.
Nkratafa a ɛfa ho: Shielded Pools (Using_Zcash) · Viewing Keys · "hena na obetumi ahu nea" krataafa a ɛwɔ Start_Here — sesa wɔ wiki akwan pɔtee mu